Open Source Hardware: A Guide to Definition, History, Statistics, Business Models, Licenses and Key Projects

Open Source
Hardware
Michał Krogulecki
Marcin Pioch
Open Source Methodology
29.04.2014 1M. Krogulecki, M. Pioch

Agenda
29.04.2014M. Krogulecki, M. Pioch 2
•Definition1
•History2
•Statistics3
•Business Models4
•Licenses5
•Projects6
•Conclusions7

Definition

Definition
Open Source Hardware (OSHW) Statement of
Principles 1.0:
• Design is made publicly available
• Anyone can study, modify, distribute, make
• Uses readily-available components and
materials, standard processes, open
infrastructure, unrestricted content, and
open-source design tools (in ideal case)

Criteria
1. Documentation
The hardware must be released with documentation inlucing
design files in the preferred format for making changes
2. Scope
The documentation must clearly specify which part is being
released under the license
3. Necessary Software
If design requires software to operate properly, then the
license may require one of the condition:
a) Create documentation which allow straightforward to
write software for properly operation of device
b) The necessary software is released under OS license

Criteria
4. Derived works
The license shall allow modifications and derived works
5. Free redistribution
The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away
the project documentation
6. Attribution
The license may require derived documents, and copyright
notices associated with devices
7. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups
8. No Discrimination Against Fields of Application

Criteria
9. Distribution of License
The rights granted by the license must apply to all to whom
the work is redistributed without the need for execution of an
additional license by those parties.
10.License Must Not be Specific to a Product
The rights granted by the license must not depend on the
licensed work being part of a particular product
11.License Must Not Restrict Other Hardware or
Software
The license must not place restrictions on other items that are
aggregated with the licensed work but not derivative of it
12.License Must Be Technology-Neutral

History
Studentsofsustainability.org

• 1997 – Bruce Perens launched the Open
Hardware Certification Program (Perens 1997)
 allow hardware manufacturers to self-certify their products as open
 ”open hardware” and openhardware.org trademarked
• 1998 – David Freeman announced the Open
Hardware Specification Project (OHSpec)
• 1998 – Troy Benjegerdes, Reinoud Lamberts,
Graham Seaman attempts
• 1999 – Establishment of Open Design
Foundation (ODF) – non-profit corporation
• 2007 – Reactivation of many organizations and
licesnes
History

History
Open Source Summit (OHS)
• Organized by Open Source Hardware Association
• 23rd September 2010 in New York City
• 320 people, 14 speakers
• It became an annual conference
o 2011,2012 – NYC, USA
o 2013 – MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
o 2014 – Rome, Italy
• Topics covered electronics, 3D printers,
biomedical devices, fashion, etc.

Statistics

Statistics
1
Open Hardware startups (100):
• Physical products
• Under Open Hardware license
• Company is active
September 9, 2013

Statistics

Statistics
Founders are:
• Engineers 83 %
• Designers 17 %
• Teachers 14 %
• Business 7 %
Teams
52 %
Solo entrepreneurs
47 %

Statistics
Founders are:
Men
95 % Women
5 %

Statistics
63%
16%
5%
4%
3% 3% 2%
Markets of the Open Hardware Startup movement
Electronics
Fabrication
Transportation
Housing
Arts
Toys
Energy

Statistics
1
Open Hardware enables more
bootstrapping:
• Bootstrapped 62 %
• Crowdfunded 28 %
• VC backed 5 %

Business Models
• Manufacturing OSH
• Registering the name of OSH project as a
trademark
• Consulting and custom designs over owned
or third-party OSH
• Software tools for OSH
• Dual-Licensing
• Extending the core open product with
additional proprietary extensions or versions

Licenses
Oshwlogo.com

Licenses
• Many of the fundamental principles
expressed in Open Source Software licenses
have been moved into hardware projects
• Greater emphasis on patent law than
copyright license
• Copyleft or permissive license?
• Commercial purposes?
• Licenses are the means to present your
projects

Licenses
• CERN Open Hardware License
• TAPR Open Hardware License
• Balloon Open Hardware License
• OpenCores
• Hardware Design Public License
• The Solderpad License

Electronics
Wikipedia.org

Arduino
• Single-board microcontroller
• Hardware board designed with using an 8-bit
Atmel AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bit Atmel
ARM
• Most of the boards have USB interface and
analog/digital inputs/outputs
• We can program it under
o Windows
o Linux
o Mac OS X
• Lot of libraries
• Costs: $30
Electronics

Arduino
• Hardware under Creative Commons
Attribution Share-Alike 2.5
• Source code under GPLv2
• Freely available under copyleft licenses
• Offers over a dozen boards
Electronics
• Offers shields
(expansion boards)
o Motor controls
o GPS
o Ethernet

OpenSPARC
• Sun Microsystems released two open-source
processors
• These are the first and only 64-bit OS μP
• Include simulation tools, design verification
suites and other helpful tools
Electronics
• OpenSPARC T2
o 64-bit
o 8-core multithread

Automotive
Wikipedia.org

OSVehicle
• Released open source car – TABBY
• First open source framework for the creation
vehicles
• All the planes and blueprints for TABBY are
available on website
• Everyone could improve design and share
new ideas
Automotive

OSVehicle
Automotive
Chassis for 2 seats Chassis for 4 seats
€500 €500

OSVehicle
Automotive
Battery pack
€700
Electric powertrain
€1520
Seats
€80
Wheels
€338

OSVehicle
Automotive
Vehicle
€3200
1 hour assembly

OSVehicle
Automotive

OSVehicle – Urban TABBY
Automotive

Cameras
Wikipedia.org

Elphel
• Provides high performance cameras based
on free software and hardware designs
• Cameras are distributed under CERN license
• Offers several camera models
Cameras

Elphel-Eyesis 4π
• Panoramic camera that covers full sphere
with high resolution
• Has 24 x 5Mpix sensors
Cameras

Elphel-Eyesis 4π
• High-precision IMU and GPS sensor are
integrated with camera
• Images synchronized with IMU and GPS are
recorded to SSD or over network
Cameras

Elphel-Eyesis 4π
• Could be mounted on a car
• Could be carried by a person
Cameras

LeanXcam
• Developed by Supercomputing Systems
Vision
• Provides matching programming, hardware
framework and design plans under OS
license
• Free online platform for developers
Cameras

LeanXcam
• Camera sensor – 60 FPS with 752x480px
• Contains DSP processor
• Communication: PC/Ethernet/I2C
• Freely availavle operating system
Cameras
• Easy develop:
o Libraries
o Sample applications

Machines and tools
Wikipedia.org

RepRap
• Short for Replicating Rapid prototyper
• 3D printer that can print most of its own
components
• Use of additive manufacturing technique
• XYZ platform driven by stepper motors
• Built from steel rods connected by printed
plastic parts
• Extruder in the heart of the RepRap
• Electronic based on Arduino platform
• Costs: $500
Machines and tools

RepRap – motto
Machines and tools
If you've got a RepRap
you can print lots of useful stuff
and you can print another RepRap
for a friend...

RepRap v.1.0 (Darwin)-2007 RepRap v.2.0 (Mendel)-2009
Machines and tools
Wikipedia.org

Machines and tools
Youtube.com

Lyman filament extruder
• A device used for making 3D printer filament
• Developer: Hugh Lyman – the winner of the
Desktop Factory Competition
o Costs: $250
o Aim: 1 kg plastic filament spool
• 4 versions until now
2nd presented here 
Machines and tools
Wikipedia.org

Machines and tools
Youtube.com

ShapeOko
• CNC milling machine for
plastics, woods, metals
• Work area: 30x30x5 cm
• Based on Arduino
• Sold by Inventables
o $299 (only mechanical kit)
o $649 (full kit with
electronics, pulleys, belts, etc.)
Machines and tools
Shapeoko.com

Robotics
The Telegraph

Poppy Project
• 3D printed humanoid robot
(with human proportions) for
education and science
o Easy-to-use
o Easy-to-repair and duplicate
o Flexible and robust
• Physical human-robot
interactions
Robotics
Poppy-project.org

Youtube.com
Robotics

Poppy Project
• 84 cm
• 3.5 kg
• 25 actuators
• Inertial sensor unit
• 2 wide-angle cameras (opt)
• LCD screen (option)
• Costs: €7500
Robotics
Poppy-project.org

OpenROV
• A low-cost telerobotic submarine
• Making underwater exploration
• Controlled from a laptop via WiFi
• Arduino
• 3 pump motors
• Camera on servo
• 700 lm LEDs
• Size:15x20x30 cm
• Weight: 2.5 kg
• Costs: $849
Robotics
Openrov.com

AeroQuad
• Remote controlled four-rotor helicopter
• 2 possibilities of a flight controller board
o Arduino (Mega 2560 or Uno)
o STM32-based
• Many sensors
o Accelerometer
o Gyroscope
o Magnetometer
o Barometer
o Ultrasonic range finders
o GPS
Robotics
Aeroquad.com

AeroQuad
• Camera with automatic or manual stabilization
• Holding the altitude and orientation
• Auto descent on critical battery voltage
• Auto-detect battery cell count
• Wireless telemetry
• Costs: $500 (without RC transmitter/receiver)
Robotics
Hackaday.com

Others
Blog.ponoko.com

Arduinome
• A lower cost alternative to the Monome
• USB MIDI multi-touch controller device
o Arduino as a main unit
o 64 buttons
o 64 LEDs
o Shift registers & multiplexers
o Diodes, capacitors, resistors
o Connection with PC
• Costs: $150
Others-Music Electronics
4lexander.com

Others-Music Electronics
Youtube.com

Gamma Cardio CG
• The first open hardware certified medical
device – diagnostic electrocardiograph
• A medical instrument that records the
electrical activity of the heart to diagnose
specific diseases
• Studying and developing medical instruments
• Released under Creative Common license
Others-Medical Instrument

Gamma Cardio CG
• Connection with PC
• Available also in EU stores
+ You can use for medical purposes provided that you respect
your applicable legal legislation regarding ECG usage
- Modification of firmware is equal to the loss of a certificate
Others-Medical Instrument
Gammacardiosoft.it

Conclusion
Some obstacles:
• To open, for example PCB design, we have
to pay license for program, which it will
open
• To get the design we have to buy some
components – we cannot make all by
ourselves
• Sometimes it is complicated to assembly all
parts – lack of documentation/tutorial

Conclusion
Open Source Hardware:
• You can use it as you see fit
• You can make it better for everyone
• Open hardware can sell more units
• Open hardware has the potential to speed
development of new devices

License

Questions
You can achieve almost anything by asking for help from others

Thank you for your attention!
THE END

Open Source Hardware: A Guide to Definition, History, Statistics, Business Models, Licenses and Key Projects

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