2. Research question
•“In natural and social sciences the main question
has been: What or which kind is the world?
Concerning an artifact and its construction process
we ask: Why and how we build an artifact”
•P.H. Jarvinen (2004)
•“To define a problem as any situation where a gap
exists between the actual and the desired ideal
states”
•Sekaran (2003)
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 2
3. Research question
•“Is a clear, precise, and succinct statement of the question
or issue that is to be investigated with the goal of finding
an answer or solution.”
•Sekaran (2003)
•Ex:
– “What are the specific factors to be considered in
creating a data warehouse for a manufacturing
company?”
– What network system is best suited for Smith
Pharmaceuticals?”
3Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa
4. Research Question
1st
– Define the topic study
2nd
– A research question is not a Yes/No question
3rd
– A “How” question is very broad question, the
researcher cannot know the steps to take
4th
– The research question should be open-ended, but
not uncertain
5th
- The research question should not be too long, it
should be concise
4Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa
5. Research Output
Construct or concepts form the vocabulary of
a domain
Model is a set of propositions or statements
expressing relationships among constructs
Method is a set of steps (an algorithm or
guideline) used to perform a task
Instantiation is the realization of an artifact in
its environment
March & Smith (1995)
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 5
6. Research Output
Research framework
March & Smith (1995)
6
Research Activity
Design Science Natural Science
Build Evaluate Theorize Justify
Research
Ouputs
Constructs
Model
Method
Instantiation
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa
7. Research Output
•Multi-methodological approach to Information System
Research (Nunamaker et al, 1991) - > Four research strategies
•An analysis of the Objectives of Information Systems Research
demonstrate the legitimacy and necessity of systems
development as research method
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 7
Theory Building
Conceptual Frameworks
Mathematical Models
Methods
Observation
Case studies
Survey Studies
Field Studies
Systems Development
Prototyping
Product Developments
Technology transfer
Experimentation
Computer simulation
Field experiments
Lab experiments
8. Research Output
Jarvinen's taxonomy of research methods
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 8
Research Approach
Mathematical approachApproaches studying reality
Research stressing what is reality
Approaches
for empirical
studies
Conceptual-
analytical
approaches
Theory-
testing
approaches
Theory-
creating
approaches
Research stressing utility of artifactsResearch stressing what is reality
Artifacts
evaluating
Approaches
Artifacts-
building
approaches
9. Research Output
Jarvinen's taxonomy of research methods
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 9
Research Approach
Mathematical approachApproaches studying reality
Research stressing what is reality
Approaches
for empirical
studies
Conceptual-
analytical
approaches
Theory-
testing
approaches
Theory-
creating
approaches
Research stressing utility of artifactsResearch stressing what is reality
Artifacts
evaluating
Approaches
Artifacts-
building
approaches
10. Conceptual-analytical approaches
•Two different approaches:
- Derive theory, model or framework from
assumptions, premises and axioms
- Basic assumptions behind constructs in
previous empirical studies are first analyzed
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 10
11. Research Output
Jarvinen's taxonomy of research methods
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 11
Research Approach
Mathematical approachApproaches studying reality
Research stressing what is reality
Approaches
for empirical
studies
Conceptual-
analytical
approaches
Theory-
testing
approaches
Theory-
creating
approaches
Research stressing utility of artifactsResearch stressing what is reality
Artifacts
evaluating
Approaches
Artifacts-
building
approaches
12. Theory-testing approaches
May be used Methods like:
– laboratory experiments,
– survey,
– field study,
– field experiments etc,
- The research question could be:
– Do observations confirm or falsify that
theory
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 12
13. Research Output
Jarvinen's taxonomy of research methods
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 13
Research Approach
Mathematical approachApproaches studying reality
Research stressing what is reality
Approaches
for empirical
studies
Conceptual-
analytical
approaches
Theory-
testing
approaches
Theory-
creating
approaches
Research stressing utility of artifactsResearch stressing what is reality
Artifacts
evaluating
Approaches
Artifacts-
building
approaches
14. Theory- creating approaches
The theory, model or framework is either taken from the literature
or developed or refined for the study.
This approach may includes:
– Case study
– Ethnographic methods
– Grounded theory
– Phenomenography
– Contextualism
– Discourse analysis
– Longitudinal studies
– ...
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 14
15. Theory- creating approaches
•Research question could be:
- Which kind of construct or model could
describe and explain the observations
gathered?
- Which theory could explain “why acts,
events, structure and thought occur”?
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 15
16. Research Output
Jarvinen's taxonomy of research methods
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 16
Research Approach
Mathematical approachApproaches studying reality
Research stressing what is reality
Approaches
for empirical
studies
Conceptual-
analytical
approaches
Theory-
testing
approaches
Theory-
creating
approaches
Research stressing utility of artifactsResearch stressing what is reality
Artifacts
evaluating
Approaches
Artifacts-
building
approaches
17. Artifacts-building approaches
Research question could be:
- Is it possible building a certain artifact?
General output:
- A certain abstract or concrete artifact (e.g. new
information system, prescriptive model,
normative method or measurement instrument)
is built.
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 17
18. Artifacts-building approaches
●
Utility Aspects
●
Evaluation Framework (Sweeney et al 1993)
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 18
Time of Evaluation (context product life cycle)
Strategy to
Evaluation
Type of
Evaluation
Usability
Evaluation
Dimensions
User-based
Theory-based
expert-based
Diagnostic
Summative
Metrication
19. Research Output
Jarvinen's taxonomy of research methods
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 19
Research Approach
Mathematical approachApproaches studying reality
Research stressing what is reality
Approaches
for empirical
studies
Conceptual-
analytical
approaches
Theory-
testing
approaches
Theory-
creating
approaches
Research stressing utility of artifactsResearch stressing what is reality
Artifacts
evaluating
Approaches
Artifacts-
building
approaches
20. Artifacts-evaluating
approaches
•Research question could be:
- How effective is the artifact?
General Output:
- The utility (efficiency, effectiveness, etc.) of a certain artifact (or
prescriptive model or normative method) is evaluated by using
some criteria
Output example:
“Most large corporation and multinationals are making
little use of the Internet, treating it simply as a publishing
medium”
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 20
21. Artifacts building and
evaluating approaches
Action research could include both
building and evaluating artifact approach.
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 21
23. Concepts
Axioms:
- Axioms are the starting points of an argument,
deduction or theory,
- By definition, are not proved by the theory.
- Axiom is another word for premise.
Euclid's axiomatic foundations for geometry contained:
– Definitions (e.g. "A point is that which has no part" ),
– Postulates ("That all right angles are equal to one another") and
– Common notions ("Things which are equal to the same thing are also
equal to one another").
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 23
24. Concepts
Triangulation:
-The combinations and comparisons of multiple data
sources, data collection and analysis procedures , research
methods, or inferences that occur at the end of a study;
-Denzin (1978) used the terms data triangulation, theory
triangulation and methodological triangulation;
- Erzberger and Udo have used the term to refer to
agreement between inferences.
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 24
25. Concepts
Conceptual Framework:
- consistent and comprehensive theoretical framework
emerging from
– an inductive integration of previous literature,
– theories,
– and other pertinent information.
Conceptual framework is usually the basis for
– reframing the research questions and for formulating
hypotheses or
– making informal tentative predictions about the
possible outcome of the study
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 25
26. Exploratory Research
Shields, Patricia M., "Pragmatism as a Philosophy of Science: A Tool for Public
Administration" (1998). Faculty Publications-Political
Science. Paper 33.
http://ecommons.txstate.edu/polsfacp/33
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 26
27. Descriptive Research
Shields, Patricia M., "Pragmatism as a Philosophy of Science: A Tool for Public
Administration" (1998). Faculty Publications-Political
Science. Paper 33.
http://ecommons.txstate.edu/polsfacp/33
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 27
28. Understanding research
Shields, Patricia M., "Pragmatism as a Philosophy of Science: A Tool for Public
Administration" (1998). Faculty Publications-Political
Science. Paper 33.
http://ecommons.txstate.edu/polsfacp/33
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 28
29. Explanatory Research
Shields, Patricia M., "Pragmatism as a Philosophy of Science: A Tool for Public
Administration" (1998). Faculty Publications-Political
Science. Paper 33.
http://ecommons.txstate.edu/polsfacp/33
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 29
30. Predictive Research
Shields, Patricia M., "Pragmatism as a Philosophy of Science: A Tool for Public
Administration" (1998). Faculty Publications-Political
Science. Paper 33.
http://ecommons.txstate.edu/polsfacp/33
Manuela Aparicio & Carlos J. Costa 30
