The document discusses the role of genomics in pharmacogenomics and drug development. It defines key terms like pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics. It explains how genomics technologies can help optimize drug efficacy and minimize toxicity by identifying genetic variations that influence individual drug responses. Genomic information from the human genome project can aid drug target identification and reduce bottlenecks in development. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are discussed as the most common genetic variations affecting drug metabolism. The applications of pharmacogenomics in precision medicine to improve drug safety and efficacy are summarized.

1. SHER-E-KASHMIRUNIVERSITYOF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,
JAMMU
Topic: Application of genomic in Pharmacogenomics of new
drug

2. Pharmacogenomics
 Pharmacogenomics is new science about how the
systematic identification of all the human genes, their
products, interindividual variation, intraindividual
variation in expression and function over time affects
drug response/metabolism etc.
 The term pharmacogenomics was coined in connection
with the human genome project

3. PHARMACOGENETICS
“Pharmacogenetics is the study of how
genetic variations affect the disposition
of drugs, including their metabolism and
transport and their safety and efficacy”
---J. Hoskins et. al NRC 2009

5. Pharmacogenetics involves both
PK and PD
• Pharmacokinetic
“The process by which a drug is absorbed, distributed,
metabolized, and eliminated by the body”
• Pharmacodynamic
“the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the
mechanisms of their actions”

8. Goals of Pharmacogen(etics)omics
Maximize drug efficacy
Minimize drug toxicity
Predict patients who will respond to intervention
Aid in new drug development

11. • The process of drug discovery is quite complex,
integrating many disciplines, including structural
biology, metabolomics, proteomics, and computer
science,.
• The process of drug discovery involves the
identification of candidates, synthesis,
characterization, screening, and assays for
therapeutic efficacy.
• The process of drug development prior to clinical
trials begins, the process is generally quite tedious
and expensive.

12. • Targets are usually proteins, either those occurring
within the human body of in outside agents such as
viruses and other pathogens.
• The major difficulty faced by drug researchers is
understanding the complex chemical pathways involved
in the disease process in order to find the most
appropriate intervention point, and then to discover or
design a compound that modifies the chemical process at
that point

13. Drug candidate
Cytotoxicity tests, Pharmacokinetics studies, and toxicological investigation
Lead optimization to improve potency
Biochemical assay and further testing
Dcoking of small molecules using computational methods
Analyze structure for potential ligand binding sites
Structure determination
Target isolation and purification
Target identification and Selection

14. • Apart from advances in technology and understanding of
biological systems, drug discovery is still a long process
with low rate of new therapeutic discovery.
• Information on the human genome, its sequence and what
it encodes has been described as a potential windfall for
drug discovery, promising to virtually eliminate the
bottleneck in therapeutic targets that has been one limiting
factor on the rate of therapeutic discovery.

15. Genomics
• Genomics is a science that studies the structure
and function of genomes and, in particular, genes.
A genome is an organism's complete genetic
information. The genome is the collection of
information that an organism can pass on to its
offspring before birth.

16. Difference between Genomics and Proteomics

17. illustrate the potential contribution of
genomics on drug development
process.
• Pharmacogenomics has its roots in pharmacogenetics. Whereas
pharmacogenetics is the study of the linkage between an individual's
genotype and that individual's ability to metabolize a foreign compound
• Pharmacogenomics is quite broad in scope, and is similar to molecular
medicine, aiming to detect, monitor and treat the molecular causes of
disease.
• Various genomics technologies such as gene sequencing, statistical genetics
and gene expression analysis are used for the drugs in clinical development
and trials.
• The main aim of genomics and Pharmacogenomics in clinical research and
clinical medicine is that disease could be treated according to genetic and
specific individual markers, selecting medications and dosages that are
optimized for individual patients.

18. Genomics to Clinical Drug
Development

19. Dynamic expression of a proteome and the
physiological changes related to a healthy or
diseased condition can help to:
• Support the understanding of disease mechanisms,
• Design new ways for the discovery and validation of disease
models,
• Find new diagnostic markers,
• Identify potential therapeutic targets,
• Optimize lead compounds for clinical development,
• Characterize drug effects,
• Study protein toxicology.

20. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
(SNPs)
• Single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) are the
most common type of genetic
variation in humans
• A single nucleotide is replaced
in the genetic sequence
• Different SNP expressions
may modify a drug’s
therapeutic response or
adverse effect incidence

23. Development of a novel drug
Years
0
15 Introduction
Registration
Development
Research
1
2
2-5
5 cmpds
500 Compounds
500,000 Compounds
Product Surveillance
Clinical Tests
(Human)
Preclinical Tests
(Animal)
MedChem
Assay
Phase
IV-V
Phase
III
Phase
II
Phase I
Target
validation
HTS
30,000 genes/100,000 proteins
The Human Genome Project

24. APPLICATIONS OF PHARMACOGENOMICS
• Improve drug safety and reduce ADRs;
• Improve drug discovery targeted to human disease;
• Improve proof of principle for efficacy trials.
• Pharmacogenomics may be applied to several areas of medicine,
including Pain Management, Cardiology, Oncology,
and Psychiatry.
• A place may also exist in Forensic Pathology, in which
pharmacogenomics can be used to determine the cause of death in
drug-related deaths where no findings emerge using autopsy.
• In cancer treatment, pharmacogenomics tests are used to identify
which patients are most likely to respond to certain cancer drugs.
• In behavioral health, pharmacogenomic tests provide tools for
physicians and care givers to better manage medication selection
and side effect amelioration

25. • Patient B is a woman who gave birth by caesarian section. Her
physician prescribed codeine for post-caesarian pain.
• She took the standard prescribed dose, however experienced nausea
and dizziness while she was taking codeine.
• She also noticed that her breastfed infant was lethargic and feeding
poorly.
• When the patient mentioned these symptoms to her physician, they
recommended that she discontinue codeine use.
• Within a few days, both the patient and her infant’s symptoms were
no longer present.
• It is assumed that if the patient underwent a pharmacogenomic test, it
would have revealed she may have had a duplication of the gene
CYP2D6 placing her in the Ultra-rapid metabolizer (UM) category,
explaining her ADRs to codeine use.
"Pharmacogenetics: increasing the safety and effectiveness of drug therapy
[Brochure]" . American Medical Association. 2011.