I am a medical student. I have one friend who is persuing his MBBS degree in Taishan Medical UNiversity. I got these notes from him.
These notes are by Dr. Bikesh, He is a famous lecturer of TMU.
These notes have helped me a lot and i also watch his lecture videos , which are great; highly simple and huge content.
I am uploading with Renal physiology. If you want some other topics i would upload for you.
"Let the Knowledge be spread" Dr. Bikesh
5. Fluid Input and OutputFluid Input and Output
Daily Input of Water
• Water is added to the body by two major sources:
– Ingested
• 2100 ml/day
– Synthesized in the body
• Result of oxidation of carbohydrates - 200 ml/day
6. Fluid Input and OutputFluid Input and Output
Daily Output of Water
• Water is lost by :
– Insensible water lossInsensible water loss
• Termed so, because we are not consciously aware of it
• Eg: Evaporation through skin & respiratory system
• 700 ml/day
– SweatingSweating
7. Fluid Input and OutputFluid Input and Output
Daily Output of Water
• Water is lost by :
– FecesFeces
• 100 ml/day
– UrineUrine
• 0.5 L/day – 20 L/day
• Average 70 Kg person - 1.4 L/day
12. Organization of Urinary SystemOrganization of Urinary System
It includes:It includes:
• Two kidneys
• Two ureters
• One bladder
• One urethra
13. Function of the Urinary SystemFunction of the Urinary System
• Maintanance of fluid volume & thus blood
pressure.
• Regulation of electrolyte balance
– Eg: Sodium, Potassium, Calcium…….
• Removal of waste product from the body
– Eg: Urea, Uric acid…….
14. Function of the Urinary SystemFunction of the Urinary System
• Regulation of “Acid-Base” balance.
• Production of “Erythropoietin” to stimulate
production of RBC in bone marrow.
• Regulation of Vitamin D in our body
……………….
16. KidneyKidney
There are three layers of coverings surrounding each
kidney from the outside to the inside :
• The Renal fascia
(Also encloses adrenal gland)
• The Adipose capsule
• The Fibrous capsule
18. KidneyKidney
• Extension of renal
cortex, the Renal
Column projects into
the inner aspect of the
kidney, dividing the
Renal medulla into
triangular shaped
Renal Pyramids.
19. KidneyKidney
• Their apices form the Renal Papillae, which indent the Minor calices.
• Minor Calyces are 7-8 in number on each kidney.
• Minor calices unite to form a Major Calyx. They are 2-3 in number on each
kidney.
• Two or three major calices unite to form the Renal Pelvis, which is the
funnel shaped superior end of the Ureters.
• The Renal sinus is a space that extends into the kidney from the Hilum.
• The foramina On the tip of renal papillae are termed the papillary foramina.
The urine formed in the kidney passes through these foramina into the minor
calices.
20.
21. Nephrons: Functional Unit of the KidneyNephrons: Functional Unit of the Kidney
Includes
• Renal corpuscleRenal corpuscle
• Tubular sectionTubular section
– Proximal convoluted tubule
– Loop of Henle
– Distal convoluted tubule
• Collecting ductCollecting duct
22. NephronNephron
Two types of nephrons
• Cortical nephron
– 80-85% of nephrons are cortical nephrons.
– Renal corpuscles are in outer cortex and loops of
Henle lie mainly in cortex.
• Juxtamedullary nephrons
– 15-20% of nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons.
– Renal corpuscles close to medulla and long loops
of Henle extend into deepest medulla
23.
24. Renal CorpuscleRenal Corpuscle
Provides for filtration of plasma from glomerular capillary.Provides for filtration of plasma from glomerular capillary.
• Renal glomerulus
• Bowman's capsuleBowman's capsule
30. PCTPCT Loop of HenleLoop of Henle DCTDCT CollectingCollecting
TubuleTubule
Cuboidal
Round nucleus
Strong acidophilic
Brush border
Thick descending
Similar to PCT
Thin descending /
Thin ascending
Simple squamous
Thick ascendingThick ascending
Simple cuboidal
Cuboidal
Lighter cytoplasm
Round nucleus
No brush border
Less microvilli
Simple cuboidal
to columnar
Light staining
cytoplasm
Clear boundary
Lumen is largest
31. Juxtaglomerular apparatusJuxtaglomerular apparatus
located at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscles
consist of juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa
and extraglomerular mesangial (polar cushion)
cells
function: control water and electrolyte balance;
regulate blood pressure;
produce erythropoietin
33. Importance of Juxtaglomerular ApparatusImportance of Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
• By secreting prorenin:
– Controls water and electrolyte balance
– Regulates blood pressure
• Produces erythropoietin
About 60 per cent of the adult human body is fluid, mainly a water solution of ions and other substances. Although most of this fluid is inside the cells and is called intracellular fluid, about one third is in the spaces outside the cells and is called extracellular fluid.
This extracellular fluid is in constant motion throughout the body. It is transported rapidly in the circulating blood and then mixed between the blood and the tissue fluids by diffusion through the capillary walls.
