2. Autacoids- Local hormones
Means self remedies
Localized in tissue
Don't normally circulate
Has physio- pathological activities
Differ from hormones & N.T
Short duration of action
Involved in response to injury
Site of action is restricted to the
synthesis area.
Sever as neuromodulators/ transmitters.
10. COX-1 COX-2 COX-3
Constitutive
enzymes
(always present in
cells)
Constitutive in brain
endothelium & kidney
Recently isolated
from cerebral cortex
Serves as house
keeping function-
e.g.-
gastro protective,
Inducible-synthesis is
stimulated by endotoxins &
other inflammatory
mediators
Involved in pain
perception & fever
Haemostasis
Reno protective
Participates in inflammation Not involved in
inflammation
Pro-carcinogenic due to
inhibition of cell apoptosis,
stimulation of cell migration
angiogenesis,& invasiveness
Paracetamol targets
COX-3
12. PG’s & TXA2 Metabolism-
PG’s are rapidly inactivated.
Inactivation occurs through specific enzymes & oxidation.
PGI & TXA2 are metabolised by non enzymatically.
Short t ½ life.
13. Prostanoid receptors
All are G-protein coupled receptors.
IP3/DAG or CAMP transducer mechanism.
PGD2 PGF2α PGI2 TXA2 PGE2
TP EP1-4IPFPDP
14. PG Receptor Functions
PGD2, DP X P. aggregation, Vasodilatation, Relaxation of GIT
& uterus, regulates Sleep-wake cycle.
PGF2 FP Contractions Uterus & Bronchi.
PGI2 IP X platelet aggregation, Vasodilatation, Renin
release & Natriuresis
TXA2 TP P. aggregation, Vasoconstriction,
Bronchoconstriction.
PGE2
EP1
PEF2
Bronchonstrction, GIT motility, increases colon
cancer.
EP2 Br.dilation, Vasodilatation, GIT relaxation,
Intestinal fluid secretion, Ovulation & Fertilization
EP3 X gastric acid secretion, Cytoprotective action,
contraction of pregnant uterus & GIT muscle, X
lipolysis & ANS neurotransmitter release.
-Maintains patency of ductus arteriosus.EP4
25. 10. Endocrine-
PGE2 promotes the release of GH/ACTH/FSH/LH &
Prolactin.
11.Bone metabolism-
PGE2- Osteoporosis due + of bone resorption.
12.Eye- PGE2 , PGF2α - IOP by uveoscleral out flow
13.Cancer- PGE2 is a pro-carcinogen-colon cancer.
26. Uses of Prostaglandin analogues-
1.Abortion-
Dinoprostone - PGE2.
Induction of mid-term abortion
Cervical ripening & induction of labour at full term.
Not used for menstrual regulation/early abortion.
Carboprost - PGF2α
Used for mid-term abortion.
Misoprostol -PGE1
used for abortion-200μg.BD/orally.
along with mifepristone to induce abortion in 1
st
few wks of
pregnancy.
27. 2.Facilitation of labour, cervical priming & PPH-
1.Dinoprostone - PGE2.
Orally - to augmenting labour & to check PPH.
Vaginally- softens the cervix before labour induction.
Preferred over oxytocin for labour induction in pre-
eclampsia, eclampsia, cardiac & renal disease.
Intrauterine foetal deaths / along with oxytocin.
2. Carboprost - PGF2α - RX PPH-intra-amniotic inj.
28. 3.Ulcer healing-
Misoprostol -PGE1
Ulcer protective agent-200μg orally QID
Enprostil - PGE2.
Used in NSAID’s induced P.U & Chronic smokers.
4) To prevent platelet aggregation-
Epoprostenol-
PGI2- Haemodialysis & Cardiopulmonary bypass.
PGE2 & PGI2- used to store platelets for transfusion.
31. A patient come to you complaining that when ever he takes
aspirin for headache, he develops sever shortness of breath.
What might be the reason?
32. A lady with 2 children and history of amenorrhea for 35
days went to a doctor for termination of pregnancy. The
obstetrician advised her Misoprostol 400μg stat
1. Comment on prescription?
2. Which analogue is used for midterm abortion?
3. Name one non-obstetric use of Misoprostol?
33. MCQ’s
A new born baby was diagnosed as having a congenital
abnormality that result in transportation of great vessels. While
preparing for the surgery, the medical team needed to keep the
ducts arteriosus open. They did this by infusion ?
A ) Corticsol b) Indomethacin
c) Alprostadil d) Tacrolimus
34. S/E-
Hypotension, Syncope & Flushing
Carboprost-mid term abortion- Anaphylactic shock & CVS
collapse.
Alprostadil- Ductus fragility & rupture.
PGF2-GIT toxicity & Bronchoconstriction.
Misoprostol/Enprostil-Diarrhoea.
Long term use-PGE2-EP4 R mediated increase in osteoclast
& osteoblast activity.
Renal Ca2+ oxalate stone- hypercalciuria.
42. Pharmacological actions-
Vasodilation, vascular permeability
Chemotactic to neutrophil & eosinophils.
Activation of leucocytes
Promotes platelet aggregation
Involved in inflammation & bronchial hyper-responsiveness
Foetus- involved in progression labour at term
Potent peptic ulcerogen.
M.O.A- G-ptn R - IP3/DAG---Ca2+ pathway.
Some of it actions are mediated through the release of P/G’s,
TXA2 & LT’s.
43. PAF antagonist-
Ginkgolide -B & structural analogues of PAF.
Alprazolam & Triazolam antagonize PAF actions.
Used in Rx of shock, M.I, P.U, intermittent claudication,
asthma, sepsis & contraceptives.
Thank U