5. A therapeutic technique, historically
investigated, and debated since many
years
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 5
6. Introduction
ď Imagination, - facilitates cognitive
restructuring, planning, initiation, and
implementation of behavior change.
ď Hypnosis can be understood as a form of
controlled imagination.
ď Hypnosis is a useful instrument for the
psychotherapist, like the scalpel is for the
surgeon.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 6
7. Introduction
ď Trance states and hypnotic phenomena
can occur spontaneously
ď Learning to recognize trance - helpful even
if hypnosis is not used in the formal sense.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 7
8. Introduction
ď Hypnos (G) = sleep
ď A misleading term ď complex process of
attentive, receptive concentration.
ď Focal attention, is heightened during
the hypnotic trance.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 8
9. History
ď First formally described as therapeutic
instruments in the 18th century by Franz
Anton Mesmer â Animal Magnetism
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 9
10. Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)
Negative
Attention from
Scientists and
French
Government
Unorthodox
methods and
explanations
of
Magnetic force
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 10
11. Hypnosis declared âheated
imaginationâ (Paris - 1784)
Banjamin
Franklin
Anton Laurent
Lavoisier
Joseph Ignace
Guillotin
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 11
12. James Braid - Hypnosis
ď James Braid, (physician
and surgeon â 1840s) in
England during the
1840s,independently
observed similar
phenomena similar to
what Mesmer had
reported.
ď Trance states using eye
fixation and eye closure.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 12
13. James Braid - Monoideism
ď1847 ď created a psychological concept
called "monoideism"â(mental
concentration on a single dominant idea).
ď
ďSubjects are highly suggestible and could
focus their attention on specific ideas that
would influence behavior.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 13
14. Charcot - Janet
Hypnosis is a
Neurphysiological phenomenon
And a sign of mental illness
Supported
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 14
15. Bernheim â Freud
Hypnosis was a function of
Normal Brain
Central to his
Classical work on Hysteria
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 15
16. Freud gives up formal
Hypnosis
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 16
17. World wars I & II
ď High incidence of shell-shock
during World War I,
ď Ernst Simmel, a German
psychoanalyst, ď¨ hypnosis
for the treatment of war
neurosis.
ď He developed a technique for
accessing repressed material,
ď¨ Hypnoanalysis.
ď Treatment of pain, combat
fatigue, and neurosis.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 17
18. From HistoryâŚ
ďHullâs research on suggestibility (1933)
ďDevelopment of standardized scales (1960s)
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 18
19. 1950s - Acceptance begins
ď1955 the British Medical Society
formally recognized hypnosis and
recommended that it be taught in medical
schools.
ď1958, the American Medical Association
and American Psychiatric Association
followed this example.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 19
20. DEFINITION AND THEORY
ďHypnosis â attentive, receptive focal
concentration with diminished
peripheral awareness.
ďAll hypnosis is, in essence, self-hypnosis
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 20
21. DEFINITION AND THEORY
ďHypnotic experience - characterized
by an intense and sensitive
interpersonal relatedness between
the two
ďWith a relative suspension of critical
judgment.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 21
22. DEFINITION AND THEORY
ďCurrently understood as a normal activity of
a normal mind.
ďPersons who report having intense
absorbing experiences while reading a
novel, watching a movie, or listening to
music ď¨ relatively highly hypnotizable.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 22
23. DEFINITION AND THEORY
ďLaboratory and clinical researches ď¨
hypnotizability is a stable and
measurable trait.
ďHypnotizability varies somewhat
throughout the life cycle
â Peaking during the late childhood
â Declines during adolescence
â Declines further during senescence.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 23
24. Theories of Hypnosis
ďA form of deep relaxation (Edmonston
1981)
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 24
25. Theories of Hypnosis
ďSociocognitive Theory (Spanos, 1991)
ďEpiphenomenon â exists as outcome of
other process â Social psychology explains
it as role playing.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 25
26. Theories of Hypnosis
ď Neo-Dissociative
Theory (Hilgard 1991)
â (Most popular view
of those that believe in
Hypnosis)
ď Most people can
separate one part of
the mind from another
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 26
27. Theories of Hypnosis
ď Social-Psychobiological
(Eva Banya 1991)
ď Subjective experience of
altered consciousness
with somatic and
behavioral changes
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 27
28. SPECTRUM THEORY OF
HYPNOSIS
ď Hypnotizability has
implications beyond
the choice of hypnosis
to facilitate treatment.
ď Hypnotizability
represents a
convergence of
biopsychosocial
phenomena.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 28
29. SPECTRUM THEORY OF
HYPNOSIS
ď A process that transforms
a trait into a state.
ď The degree of
hypnotizability ď¨
information about the
way in which an
individual relates to the
self and the social
environment.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 29
30. Components of
Hypnotizability
ďExperiencing hypnotic concentration
requires a convergence of three essential
componentsâall of which are necessary to
some degreeâ
â Absorption
â Dissociation
â and suggestibility
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 30
31. 1. Absorption
ďAn ability to
reduce
peripheral
awareness to
facilitate greater
focal attention.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 31
32. 2. Dissociation
ďA functional
separation of
elements of identity,
memory, perception,
consciousness, or
motor response
from the
mainstream of
conscious
awareness.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 32
33. 3. Suggestibility
ďA tendency to
perceive and accept
signals and
information with a
relative suspension
of customary
critical judgment.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 33
35. Myth 1: Hypnosis Is Sleep
ď Hypnosis is aroused, attentive concentration.
ď EEG studies demonstrate that the hypnotic trance
state is consistent with a state of resting alertness
and inconsistent with sleep by EEG criteria.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 35
36. Myth 2: Hypnosis Is Projected
Onto the Patient
ď The role of the therapist is to
provide an occasion during
which persons may identify,
explore, and mobilize their
own trance capacity.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 36
37. Myth 3: Only Weak or Sick
People Are Hypnotizable
ď The vast majority of highly hypnotizable persons
do not have mental disorders.
ď Highly hypnotizable persons are absent among
schizophrenic patients.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 37
38. Myth 4: Everybody is
Hypnotizable
ďAbout 5 percent of mentally healthy
persons are not hypnotizable (?).
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 38
39. Myth 5: Females are more
hypnotizable
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 39
40. Myth 6: Hypnosis Is Therapy
ďThere is no
hypnotherapy.
ďHypnosis is best used
to facilitate a
primary treatment
strategy.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 40
41. Myth 7: Hypnosis Is
Dangerous
ď No one has ever been
lost in a trance state or
been psychologically
damaged merely from
entering a trance state.
ď Compared with other
psychiatric
interventions, hypnosis
is a benign and safe
facilitator of
treatment.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 41
42. Myth 8: Symptom Removal Is
Dangerous
ď Some psychiatrists believe
that the removal of a
symptom before the
development of insight
regarding the meaning of
the symptom leaves the
original conflict unresolved
ď
ď Predisposes to development
of a new and possibly more
serious symptom.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 42
43. Myth 9: hypnosis is a âtruth
serum, it can retrieve memoriesâ
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 43
44. Myth 10: Hypnosis is just
relaxation
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 44
46. Myth 12: Hypnosis overrules
will
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 46
47. Myth 14: Only some people
can be hypnotized
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 47
48. Myth 15: Hypnosis is caused
by the hypnotistâs power
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 48
49. Myth 16: Hypnosis =
Gullibility
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 49
50. Myth 17: Hypnotic Trance is
Therapeutic
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 50
51. Fields of Application
ďStage hypnosis
ďPsychotherapy
ďMedical hypnosis
ďDental hypnosis
ďEducation
ďForensic hypnosis
ďSports
ďBusiness
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 51
52. INDICATIONS - 1
ďSmoking Cessation
ďManagement of alcohol use
ďWeight Control
ďEnhancing Medical Care
ďSurgical Preparation
ďSide effects of Chemotherapy
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 52
53. INDICATIONS -2
ďAnesthesia
ďAnxiety Disorders
ďPTSD
ďDissociative Disorders
ďPsychosomatic Disorders
ďRemoval of wart
ďTo aid psychotherapy
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 53
54. CONTRAINDICATIONS
ďParanoid persons
ďCertain personality disorders
ďIntoxicated states
ďThreatening atmosphere
ďSevere depression
ďAcute dissociative events
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 54
55. The clinician should
â Explain briefly and directly the nature of
hypnosis
â Emphasize the importance of hypnotizability as
a trait to reduce anxiety about performance or
coercion
â State that the patient may discontinue the trance
experience at any time, and
â Clarify the goals of the hypnotic intervention.
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 55
56. SEE YOU
IN
PART II
Sunday, October 5, 2014 Dr. S. Krishnan 56