1. Presented by,
Malika nischal
1

2. 
Chromatography is an analytical method usd for the seperation ,identification and
determination of chemical components in complex mixture.
Or

Chromatography is the ability to seperate molecules using the partition
characterisitics of molecules to remain in a stationary phase verse mobile phase.
Why chromatography called chromatography?

It was first put forward into application in 1903 by M.S Tswett fot the separation of
plant pigments since components had different color ―green chromatos—color―
Can chromatography identify components?

Chromatography is the process of seperation but with detector it can identify
components.in manual cases, eyes and nose can be detector.
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3. 
STATIONARY PHASE:- Phase that stay inside the column and it can be a
solid, gel or highly viscous liquid.

MOBILE PHASE:- It is the solvent moving through the column.

ELUENT:- Fuild entering the column( equilibration and elution buffers).

ELUATE:- Fluid existing the column (fractions separated).

ELUTION:- The process of passing the mobile phase through the column.

CHROMATOGRAM:- Graph showing detector response as a function of a time.

FLOW RATE:- Amount of mobile phase that passes through column per minute
(ml/min).

LINEAR VELOCITY:- Distance passed by mobile phase per min in the column
(cm/min).
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4. 
The resolution expresses the extent of separation between the components from the
mixture.
Retention time
It is the time between injection and detection
of the analyte.
Retention volume
It is the volume of mobile phase required to elute a
solute to a maximum from a column.
• Retention time tell as about
compound identity
qualitatively
• Peak Area or height tell
about compound
quantitatively.
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5. General classification
Liquid
chromatography
This separation is based on the
interactions of the sample with
mobile and stationary phase
Gas
chromatography
This separation is based on the
interactions of the sample with
mobile and stationary phase
High pressure
liquid
chromatography
This separation is based on the
interactions of the sample with
mobile and stationary phase
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6. 
Adsorption chromatography: It utilizes a mobile liquid or gaseous phase that is
adsorbed onto the surface of a stationary solid phase. The equilibration between the
mobile and stationary phase accounts for the separation of different solutes.

Partition chromatography: This form of chromatography is based on a thin film
formed on the surface of a solid support by a liquid stationary phase. Solute
equilibrates between the mobile phase and the stationary liquid.
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7. 
Ion Exchange chromatography : In this type of chromatography the use of a resin
(the stationary solid phase) is used to covalently attach anions or cations onto it. Solute
ions of the opposite charge in the mobile liquid phase are attracted to the resin by
electrostatic forces.
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8. 
Molecular Exclusion Chromatography (gel permeation/gel filtration): This type
of chromatography lacks an attractive interaction between the stationary phase and
solute. The liquid or gaseous phase passes through a porous gel which separates the
molecules according to its size. The pores are normally small and exclude the larger
solute molecules, but allows smaller molecules to enter the gel, causing them to
flow through a larger volume.
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9. 
Affinity chromatography : this technique separates proteins on the basis of a
reversible interaction between a protein or group of proteins and a specific ligand
coupled to a chromatography matrix. The technique can be used to separate active
bio molecules from denatured or functionally different forms, to isolate pure
substances present at low concentration in large volumes of crude sample and also
to remove specific contaminants.
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10. ENZYME PURIFICATION
Centrifugation
Cross flow
filtration
This is the step
followed after
harvesting the
crude medium in
a rotor centrifuge
at 6000 rpm for
30 min at 40C.
This step is followed
after centrifugation
when supernatent is
collected and filtered
through a muslin
cloth and then
centrifuged again to
concentrate the
filtrate.
Anion exchange
chromatography
Hydrophobic
interaction
chromatography
DEAE(Diethylaminoethyl)
Sepharose fast flow column
(XK 50, GE Healthcare) .
Source 30Q sepharose flow
column XK 16, GE
healthcare
Phenyl‐Source fast flow
column (XK 16, GE
Healthcare
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11. 
This is a weak anion exchange chromatography which follows the principle of ion
exchange i.e. at low ionic strength competition between the buffer ions and proteins
for charged groups on the ion exchange is minimum so protein being more strong
negatively charged bind strongly. Then by gradually increasing the ionic strength
competition between protein and counter ions increase that tend the protein to elute.
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12. Properties
Description
Ion exchange type
Weak anion
Total ionic capacity
0.11–0.16 mmol/ml media
Exclusion limit
4 x 106 (globular proteins)
Matrix Cross-linked agarose
6%
Bead form Spherical,
45–165 μm
Flow rate
300–600 cm/h*
Chemical stability
All commonly used aqueous buffers
1 M NaOH
8 M urea
6 M guanidine hydrochloride
70% ethanol
The following should be avoided
Oxidizing agents
Long exposures (1 week, 20 C) to pH <4
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13. Suggested buffers for use with DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow column
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14. 
In column chromatography the target molecule is bound while contaminants
pass through the column, or vice versa. In gel filtration , which separates
sample components based on size, the components travel through the column at
different speeds, giving different elution positions. Therefore type of elution
differs as:

GRADIENT ELUTION: The eluent composition is changed continuously toward
conditions favoring dissociation from the chromatography medium. Elution
position differs between substances depending on their binding strength.
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15. 
STEPWISE ELUTION: The eluent composition is changed stepwise at several
intervals and each substance may be eluted in each step.

COMBINATION OF GRADIENT AND STEPWISE ELUTIONS: Gradient and
stepwise elution can be combined by doing part of the elution in gradient mode and
part of it in stepwise mode.

ISOCRATIC ELUTION:The composition of the eluent is unchanged during
the entire purification (binding and elution). The target molecule passes
through the column slower or fast than impurities. This type of elution is used
in GF.
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16. 
This column provide Separation using Hydrophobic interaction between a protein and the hydrophobic
ligand bound to the chromatography matrix. The technique is an ideal next step when samples have been
subjected to ammonium sulfate precipitation or after separation by ion exchange chromatography.

The interaction between hydrophobic proteins and a HIC medium is influenced significantly by the
presence of certain salts in the running buffer. A high salt concentration enhances the interaction while
lowering the salt concentration weakens the interaction. In this example, all three proteins interact with the
hydrophobic surface of the HIC medium, but, as the ionic strength of the buffer is reduced, the interaction
is reversed and the protein with the lowest degree of hydrophobicity is eluted first. The most hydrophobic
protein elutes last, requiring a greater reduction in salt concentration to reverse the interaction.
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17. Equilibration
HIC medium
equilibrated
with high-salt start
buffer
Wash
Final ―salt-free‖ wash removes any
hydrophobically bound proteins before
re-equilibration.
Sample application
Start buffer causes hydrophobic
proteins bind to hydrophobic
ligands on the
medium, becoming concentrated
on the column. Proteins with
insufficient hydrophobicity elute
during or just after sample
application.
Elution 3
Elution 1
Decreasing salt content
(using a linear gradient)
causes hydrophobic
proteins to elute. The least
hydrophobic proteins elute
first.
Elution 2
Further decreases in salt displace
the more hydrophobic proteins
(more tightly bound).
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18. 18

19. Q Source Sepharose Fast Flow ion exchangers include media that are called strong ion
exchangers. strong exchanger are used in those cases where maximum resolution occurs
at an extreme pH and the proteins of interest are stable at that pH . And the big advantage
of using this column is its high binding capacity for selected proteins moreover this is a
process of polishing that removes trace impurities or closely-related substances giving
sample condition almost pure.
Q SOURCE: R-O-CH2-CH-OH-CH2-O-CH2-CH-OH-CH2-N+(CH3)3
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21. 
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http://www.gelifesciences.com
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Hinshaw, J. V.; Ettre, L. S. Introduction to Open Tubular Column Gas
Chromatography; Advanstar, 1994.
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22. 
Grob, K. Split and Splitless Injection in Capillary Gas Chromatography; 3rd
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ed.; Hüthig, 1993.
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Hill, H. H.; McMinn, D. G. Detectors for Capillary Chromatography; Wiley,
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1992.
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Grob, K. On-Column Injection in Capillary Gas Chromatography; 2nd ed.;
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Hüthig,1991.
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Poole, C. F.; Poole, S. K. Chromatography Today; Elsevier, 1991.
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Baars, B.; Schaller, H. Fehlersuche in der Gaschromatographie; VCH, 1994.
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Kolb, B. Gaschromatographie in Bildern; Wiley-VCH, New York, 1999.

Kenndler, E.; Huber, J. F. K. In Analytiker Taschenbuch; Springer, 1989.
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23. Thank you
for your
kind
attention
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