Presentation pfe

EVALUATION OF VEHICULAR AD-HOC
NETWORK PROTOCOLS
RIAHI MALEK
École centrale Polytechnique privée de tunis
15 JULY 2014
Jury: TEMANI MONCEF Advisor: Dr. RACHID ZAGROUBA
——– WALID GHARBI

Plan
1 Introduction
2 Vehicular ad-hoc network
3 Vehicular ad-hoc Protocols
4 Simulation
5 Realisation
6 Conclusion

Introduction
Vehicular ad-hoc network
Vehicular ad-hoc Protocols
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
1 Introduction
RIAHI MALEK EVALUATION OF VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORK PROTOCOLS 3 / 42

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
1 Introduction

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
1 Introduction
4 Simulation

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
1 Introduction
4 Simulation
5 Realisation

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
1 Introduction
4 Simulation
5 Realisation
6 Conclusion

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Introduction
About 1.24 million people die each year as a result of road trafﬁc
crashes.
Enhancement of communication technologies
If cars can communicate?!
Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a special form of mobile
ad-hoc network (MANET)
Question: Why VANET?
Answer: road security, trafﬁc informations, driving assistance,
entertainment, informations, internet connection...

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Special features of VANET network
Standardization work:
1 Introduction

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
1 Introduction

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
1 Introduction
4 Simulation

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
1 Introduction
4 Simulation
5 Realisation

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
1 Introduction
4 Simulation
5 Realisation
6 Conclusion

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
The vehicular ad-hoc network is a part of mobile ad-hoc network, but
due to many features of Vanet we can’t use Manet protocols:
Highly Dynamic Topology.
Frequently disconnected network topology.
Nodes in VANET are not subject to power and storage limitation.
VANET routing protocols can use lot of additional sensors
network witch can provide useful information.
etc.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
DSRC
DSRC was in the beginning a standard for short and medium
range wireless communication dedicated for automotive use in
THE USA
By 2008 the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI) allocated 30 MHz of spectrum in the 5.9GHz band for ITS.
DSRC systems in Europe, Japan and U.S. are not compatible
and actually include some very signiﬁcant variations (5.8GHz,
5.9GHz or even infrared, different baud rates,different protocols.)

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
CALM
is an initiative by the ISO TC 204/Working Group 16 to deﬁne a
set of wireless communication protocols and air interfaces for a
variety of communication scenarios spanning multiple modes of
communications and multiple methods of transmissions in
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)
CALM standard is also principally based on 5.9 GHz DSRC
concept.
The concept of CALM is based on heterogeneous cooperative
communication framework.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Car 2 Car Communication Consortium
The C2C-CC is supported by European automobile industry.
Car 2 Car Communication Consortium (C2C-CC) aims to
establish an open European industry standard, focused on
development of active safety applications.
Fast data transmission for V2V and V2I communications.
Support for the transmission of different types of messages
including safety messages and infotainment.
Different short range wireless LAN technologies including IEEE
802.11p.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment(WAVE)
IEEE introduced a complete protocol stack of 1609 protocol family
and named it WAVE (Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment).
THE IEEE 1609 family is divided to 6 sub-standards 1609.1,
1609.2, 1609.3, 1609.4, 1609.5, 1609.6

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
IEEE 1609.1 : details the management activities required for the
proper operation of the applications.
IEEE 1609.2 : For Transport and Network Layer handling of trafﬁc
safety related applications.
IEEE 1609.3 : named as WSMP (Wave Short Messages Protocol).
IEEE 1609.4 : deﬁne the coordination between the multiples
channels of the spectrum.
IEEE 1609.5 : deals with Layer Management
IEEE 1609.6 : offers an additional middle layer between transport and
application layer.
IEEE 802.11p : details the MAC Layer operation of the WAVE
architecture.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Geocast based protocols
Cluster based protocols
Broadcast based protocols
Position based routing protocol
Topology Based protocols
1 Introduction

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
1 Introduction

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
1 Introduction
4 Simulation

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
1 Introduction
4 Simulation
5 Realisation

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Vehicular networks (VANET) is a particular and advanced version
of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET). Thus, there is a remarkable
similarity between these two types of networks operationally.
It is therefore that the routing protocols designed for MANET are
not always appropriate in VANET.
Vanet protocols are divided to ﬁve major categories

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Geocast routing is basically a location based multicast routing
used to send a message to all vehicles in a pre-deﬁned
geographical region.
The main objective of the protocol is to send a message to all
other vehicles within a speciﬁed Zone of Relevance (ZOR).
In Geocast routing vehicles outside the ZOR are not alerted to
avoid unnecessary hasty reaction.
Some examples of geocast protocols: Robust Vehicular Routing
(ROVER),Dynamic time-stable geocast routing (DTSG),etc.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Each cluster has one cluster-head, which is responsible for intra
and inter-cluster management functions.
the formation of clusters and the selection of the cluster-head is
an important issue.
Some examples of cluster based protocols: Hierarchical Cluster
Based routing (HCB), Cluster Based Location Routing (CBLR),
Cluster-Based Directional Routing Protocol (CBDRP), etc.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
The nodes are organized into two level of hierarchy:
The first Level hierarchy includes all the nodes in a cell.
The second level hierarchy is represented by cell reflectors, which
are few nodes located closed to geographical center of cell.
similar to flooding base routing protocols for message
broadcasting and routing overhead.
Some examples of Broadcast based protocols: Distributed
vehicular broadcast protocol (DVCAST), Urban Multihop
Broadcast protocol (UMB), etc.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Position based protocols
Position based routing consists of sharing the property of
geographic positioning information in order to select the next
forwarding hops.
Position based routing better performance because that is no
need to be created and maintained global route from source node
to destination node.
Position based routing is divided in two types:
Position based greedy Vehicle to Vehicle protocols.
Delay Tolerant Protocols
Some examples of Position based protocols: Geographic Source
Routing (GSR), Greedy Perimeter Stateless routing (GPSR), etc.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Topology based protocols
Topology based routing protocols which discover the route and
maintain routing information in a table before the sender starts
transmitting data.
They are divided into :Proactive, Reactive and hybrid protocols.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Proactive protocols
Nodes of the networks in proactive protocol or table driven routing
protocols periodically exchanging the knowledge of topology.
The proactive protocols do not have initial route discovery delay
but consumes lot of bandwidth for periodic updates of topology.
Some examples of proactive protocols: ﬁsheye state routing
(FSR), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR), etc.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Reactive protocols
Reactive routing protocols or on-demand routing protocols
periodically update the routing table, when some data is there to
send.
Convergence take long time and bandwidth in the ﬁrst time
discovering the network.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
hybrid protocols
Hybrid routing protocols is combination of reactive routing
protocols and proactive routing protocols.
Reduce the control overhead of proactive routing protocols and
decrease the initial Route discovery delay in reactive routing
protocols.
Some examples of hybrid protocols: Zone Routing protocol
(ZRP), Hybrid Routing Protocol (HARP) , etc.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Mobility Generator
Network simulator
Network animator (NAM)
XGRAPH
1 Introduction

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Mobility Generator
Network simulator
XGRAPH
1 Introduction

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Mobility Generator
Network simulator
XGRAPH
1 Introduction
4 Simulation
Mobility Generator
Network simulator
XGRAPH

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Mobility Generator
Network simulator
XGRAPH
1 Introduction
4 Simulation
Mobility Generator
Network simulator
XGRAPH
5 Realisation

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Mobility Generator
Network simulator
XGRAPH
1 Introduction
4 Simulation
Mobility Generator
Network simulator
XGRAPH
5 Realisation
6 ConclusionRIAHI MALEK EVALUATION OF VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORK PROTOCOLS 25 / 42

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Mobility Generator
Network simulator
XGRAPH
To simulate realistic Vanet protocols we have also to simulate
nodes movement.
Then simulation will be divided to two part :
Mobility simulation
Network simulation

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Mobility Generator
Network simulator
XGRAPH
Mobility generators

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Mobility Generator
Network simulator
XGRAPH
Network simulator
Network Simulator Version 2, also known as NS-2 is an
open-source event driven packet level network simulator
developed as part of the VINT project (Virtual Internet Testbed).
To use NS-2, a user programs in the OTcl script language.
An OTcl script will do the following:
Initiates an event scheduler.
Sets up the network topology using the network objects.
Tells trafﬁc sources when to start/stop transmitting packets
through the event scheduler.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Mobility Generator
Network simulator
XGRAPH
Ns-2 architecture
otcl: Object-oriented support
tclcl: C++ and otcl linkage
Discrete event scheduler
Data network components

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Mobility Generator
Network simulator
XGRAPH
NETWORK ANIMATOR(NAM)
NAM is a Tcl/TK based animation tool for viewing network simulation
traces and real world packet trace data.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Mobility Generator
Network simulator
XGRAPH
XGRAPH
The xgraph program draws a graph on an X display given data read
from either data ﬁles or from standard input.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Scenario
Outputs
Result analysis
1 Introduction

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Scenario
Outputs
Result analysis
1 Introduction
4 Simulation

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Scenario
Outputs
Result analysis
1 Introduction
4 Simulation
5 Realisation
Scenario
Outputs
Result analysis

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Scenario
Outputs
Result analysis
1 Introduction
4 Simulation
5 Realisation
Scenario
Outputs
Result analysis
6 Conclusion

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Scenario
Outputs
Result analysis
Scenario
Our simulation scenario is like shown below two ﬂows of vehicles in a
high way. Each ﬂow contains a number of vehicles we will change the
speed while simulating to check result for each speed sample. We will
use the same scenario for AODV and DSR protocols .

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Scenario
Outputs
Result analysis
This is now a sample of our simulation code trace ﬁle used for our
simulation.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Scenario
Outputs
Result analysis
As a result of compiling the TCL code we get output files witch are
Trace file (contains all simulation data)
Nam file (file.nam) witch contains nam output for showing
simulation running nodes movement...
TR file (file.tr) witch contains xgraph output

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Scenario
Outputs
Result analysis
Trace file 1/2
This trace file contains all data about transmission made while
simulating with time packet loss, packet deliver.We get information
filtered from the trace file using awk command. We choose to only get
our needed information

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Scenario
Outputs
Result analysis
Trace file 2/2
a trace file called "out.tr" that will be used for our simulation analysis.
event time from
node
to
node
pkt
type
pkt
size
flags fid src
addr
dest
addr
seq
num
pkt
id
Trace Format Example:
Note that even though UDP implementations do not use sequence
number, NS keeps track of UDP packet sequence number for analysis
purposes. The last field shows the unique id of the packet.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Scenario
Outputs
Result analysis
Here we are comparing delay of each protocol DSR and AODV in
same conditions listed above. We get this result from the simulation
We notice that the delay in low speed from 0 m/s to 20 m/s (0 km/h to
70 km/h) is the same. When speed is higher than 20 m/s (about 70
km/h) the DSR protocol is slightly better than AODV.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
Scenario
Outputs
Result analysis
Here we are comparing loss rate of each protocol DSR and AODV in
same conditions listed above. We get this result from the simulation.
We notice that when speed is lower than 20 m/s (about 70 km/h) the
AODV have less loss rate than DSR protocol by average of 2.5 %. But
when speed goes faster loss rate becomes very important and both
protocols become very faulty.

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
1 Introduction

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
1 Introduction
4 Simulation

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
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1 Introduction
4 Simulation
5 Realisation

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
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1 Introduction
4 Simulation
5 Realisation
6 Conclusion

Introduction
Simulation
Realisation
Conclusion
In the end of our work we estimate learned how to interpret a
research subject and act to find an efficient solutions.
The subject studied was very interesting and motivating, however
we found a difficulty to treat it due to time shortness and lack of
information specially in simulation field.
After this work we feel ourselves able to deal with the subject due
to that we become familiarized with this field and tools.
Still nowadays Vanet field is very confusing . Lot of dispersed
work, no common standardization every entity is working alone.
Also not a lot of standard protocols, almost all protocols are
research work.

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