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Water quality and acidifiers Dr.M.gomatheeswari M.V.Sc
1. WATER QUALITY AND USE OF
ACIDIFIERS IN
POULTRY PRODUCTION
Dr. M.Gomatheeswari, M.V.Sc.,*
*Assistant Professor,
Suguna Institute of Poultry Management
3. CONT…
• Water helps remove waste, lubricates
joints, is a major component of blood, and
a necessary medium for many chemical
reactions that help form meat and eggs.
4.
5. Requirement of water
• Under normal conditions, chickens will
consume, by weight, approximately twice
as much water as food. During periods of
extreme heat stress, water requirements
may easily quadruple.
6. CONT…
• A bird can survive for weeks without feed,
but can only survive a few days without
water.
7.
8. Water quality
• Factors include
• Bacteria,
• pH level,
• hardness or total dissolved solids,
• nitrate levels
• high naturally occurring elements
(sodium, magnesium, etc.)
9. Water Sample Collection
Water sources should be checked on an
annual basis for bacterial and mineral
content.
10. Colour, Odour and Taste
• Ideally drinking water should be
colourless, odourless and tasteless.
16. pH
• pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion
concentration of a solution.
• The acidity or alkalinity of water is
measured by pH.
• A pH of 7 is neutral, acidity is indicated by
a pH lower than 7 and alkalinity is
indicated by a pH higher than 7
19. CONT…
pH < 6.0
Performance issues;
corrosion of water
system.
6.0 - 6.4 Possible issues
6.5 - 8.5
Recommended for
poultry
> 10.0 Unsuitable.
Note: High or low pH levels can be detrimental to water
soluble medications as well as precipitation of some
minerals.
20. CONT…
Hardness < 100 (soft) No problem.
> 110 (hard)
No health issues with
poultry; may interfere with
effectiveness of soap,
disinfectants and some
medications
administered through water.
1500 Maximum level
21. CONT…
Chloride 250
Maximum desirable level;
levels as low as 14ppm
may
cause loose droppings if
sulphate >50ppm or if
chloride >14ppm
> 500
Laxative; wet droppings;
reduced feed intake;
increased water intake.
22. Nitrate 10 Maximum desirable level.
Nitrogen
Nitrites Trace
>Trace may indicate organic material
contamination (i.e.
fecal).
Sodium (Na) 50 - 300
May cause wet droppings if
chloride>14ppm or
sulphates>50ppm.
Sulphates 50 – 200
May cause alxative efffect if Na or Mg
>50ppm
200 - 250 Maximum desirable level.
250 - 500 May cause laxative effect.
500 - 1000
Poor; laxative effect, but birds may adjust;
may interfere
with copper absorption; additive laxative
effect with
Chlorides
> 1000
Unsatisfactory; increased water intake, wet
droppings;
health hazard to young birds.
Total Dissolved 0 - 1000 Good.
Solids (TDS) 1000 - 3000
Satisfactory; may cause wet droppings;
performance or
health unaffected
3000 - 5000 Poor; laxative effect; increased mortality
> 5000 Unsatisfactory
26. Total Dissolved Solids
Total dissolved solids (TDS) are a
measure of the inorganic salts dissolved in
water.
Calcium, magnesium and sodium salts
are the primary components of TDS.
High TDS levels can cause harmful effects
in poultry production including loose
droppings
27.
28.
29. Bacteria
• The presence of bacteria is usually the
result of surface contamination by organic
materials, which can result in poor
performance.
30.
31. Cont…
• Coliform bacteria, such as E. coli, are
organisms found in the digestive tracts of
livestock, humans and birds.
• Their presence is generally related to fecal
contamination of water due to run-off to
surface or ground water.
42. Distillation
• Distillation is one of the oldest, most
effective types of demineralization. The
distilling process has only three steps:
• 1. The water is boiled;
• 2. The resulting steam is caught; and
• 3. The steam is condensed on a cold
surface, turning back into water.
43.
44.
45. Reverse osmosis
• Reverse osmosis is another way to de-
mineralize water. It reduces but does not
remove all nitrates.
48. Benefits of acidifiers
• The benefits of adding acids to poultry
water systems includes:
• Lowers the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) pH and
increases the activity of GIT enzymes.
• Lower GIT pH reduces the growth of pathogenic
bacteria.
49.
50.
51.
52. Cont…
• Prevents the buildup of lime scale in waterlines.
• Improves the availability of chlorine and thus
lowers the cost of chlorination.
53.
54. Use of Acidifiers in Poultry
Production
• The organic acids make a fundamental
contribution to feed hygiene, as they
suppress the growth of molds and thus
restrict the potential effect of mycotoxins.
55. • Acidifiers are used in three ways in
poultry operation
Feed
Litter
water
56. Feed
• Added to the poultry feed in a solid form.
This fights mold development in the feed
and reduces the PH in the birds’ crop.
57.
58. Litter material
• Sprayed on to the poultry litter. This
attacks the bacteria that facilitate the
breakdown of uric acid, limiting the amount
of ammonia releases.
59.
60. Drinking water
• Injected in to the drinking water to kill
bacteria, facilitate chlorine in killing
bacteria by lowering the PH in the birds’
crop.
61. Poultry feed
• The development of lesser known organic
acids and acid blends, such as lactic acid
and sorbic acid emerge as a cost-effective
performance enhancing option for the feed
industry.
62. Cont…
• The addition of organic acids to animal
feeds has been reported to decrease the
intraluminal concentration of E.coli
bacteria and other acid intolerant
organisms such as Camphylobacter and
Salmonella known to be involved in
digestive disorder.
63. • Mode of action
• The anti-microbial mechanism of acids is
related to the reduction of pH of the
environment, which limit the growth of
bacteria less tolerant to the acid pH.
64. Benefits associated with acidification
• Improvement in digestive enzymes and
microbial phytase activity
• Increased pancreatic secretion and
stimulation of gastro intestinal cell
proliferation.
• Dietary acidifiers may provide a
prophylactic measure similar to feed
antibiotic
•
65. Drinking water
• The use of acidifiers in drinking water is a
relatively recent development in poultry
production.
66. CONT…
• The acid reduces the PH in birds’ crop,
making the gut less hospitable to bacteria.
• This in turn reduced the amount of
contamination at the processing plant.
• Acidifiers also improve the digestion of
proteins by young birds
67. Action on biofilm
• Biofilm is also a factor to consider. Biofilm
forms when bacteria in water attach to a
solid surface.
• They begin to exude a sticky substance
and quickly become an active colony of
pathogens embedded in the slime.
68.
69. Litter
• There are several types of litter
amendments available to manage
ammonia the most common being
acidifiers and various microbial and
enzymatic treatments.
• Reducing ammonia loss will increase the
nutrient value of the litter while improving
air quality.
70. Cont…
• Reducing ammonia production may
reduce ventilation needs and, hence,
energy costs in houses that have
inadequate ventilation.
• Odour complaints from neighbours may be
reduced.
71. • Pathogen and pest levels in the house
may be reduced.
• Hence acidifiers are of excellent use in
poultry industry…..
