This document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. Direct speech repeats the exact words spoken, while indirect speech reports the meaning but changes pronouns, tense, and other elements. The document provides examples of changing direct speech to indirect speech based on tense, including changing "said" to "had said" and changing expressions of time like "today" to "yesterday." It also includes an exercise for the reader to practice changing direct speech to indirect speech.

3. Lori said, “My mother
cooks well.”
Lori said that her
mother cooked well.
They said, “We have
done our job.”
They said that they
had done their job.
He said, “I can do
it.”
He said that he
could do it.

4. Direct and Indirect
Speech

5. Direct Speech
•It repeats or quotes the exact words spoken.
Examples:
•She said, “I saw him.”
•"There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.

6. Indirect Speech
•It used to talk about the past.
Examples:
•She said that she had seen him.
•Simone screamed that there was a fly in his
soup.

7. Direct Speech Indirect
Speech
She said, “I like
him.”
She said that
she liked him.

8. Simple Present Simple Past
Present
Continuous
Past
Continuous
She said, "It's cold." She said that it was cold.
She said, "I'm teaching
English online."
She said that she was
teaching English online.

9. Simple Present
Perfect
Simple Past
Perfect
She said, "I've been on
the web since 1999."
She said that she had been
on the web since 1999.
Present Perfect
Continuous
Past Perfect
Continuous
She said, "I've been teaching
English for seven years."
She said that she had been
teaching English for seven years.

10. Simple Past Past Perfect
She said, "I taught online
yesterday."
She said that she had
taught online yesterday.
Past
Continuous
Past Perfect
Continuous
She said, "I was
teaching earlier."
She said that she had
been teaching earlier.

11. Past Perfect Past Perfect
She said, "The lesson had
already started when he arrived."
She said that the lesson had
already started when he arrived.
Past Perfect
continuous
Past Perfect
Continuous
She said, "I'd already been
teaching for five minutes."
She said that she had
been teaching earlier.

12. Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Present Simple
She said, "It's cold."
Past Simple
She said that it was cold.
Present Continuous
She said, "I'm teaching English online."
Past Continuous
She said that she was teaching English online.
Present Perfect Simple
She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."
Past Perfect Simple
She said that she had been on the web since 1999.
Present Perfect Continuous
She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."
Past Perfect Continuous
She said that she had been teaching English for seven
years.

13. Past Simple
She said, "I taught online yesterday."
Past Perfect
She said that she had taught online yesterday.
Past Continuous
She said, "I was teaching earlier."
Past Perfect Continuous
She said that she had been teaching earlier.
Past Perfect
She said, "The lesson had already started when he
arrived."
Past Perfect
NO CHANGE - She said that the lesson had already
started when he arrived.
Past Perfect Continuous
She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."
Past Perfect Continuous
She said that she had been teaching earlier.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech

14. Expressions of Time
this (evening) ---- that (evening)
today ---- yesterday
these (days) ---- those (days)
now ---- then
(a week) ago ---- (a week) before
last weekend ---- the weekend before last/the previous
weekend
here ---- there
next (week) ---- the following (week)
tomorrow ---- the next/ following day

15. Exercise

16. 1. “I had been writing for two hours when
the electricity went out,” John said.
Answer: John said _______________
when the electricity went out.

17. 2. “I haven’t filled out the application form
yet,” Mike said.
Answer: Mike said _______________ the
application form yet.

18. 3. “I want to attend the program,” Charles
said.
Answer: Charles said __________ to
attend the program.

19. 4. Anne said that the academic counselor
could help her with the paperwork.
Answer: ___________ Anne said.

20. 5. May said that she was looking for a
program in computer science.
Answer: __________ May said.

21. 6. Tina said that she was leaving.
Answer: Tina said _____________.