handicap develops as the consequence of the disability. It is defined as a disadvantage for a given individual resulting from impairment or a disability that limits and prevents the fulfillment of a role which is normal for that individual, depending on age, sex, social and cultural factors.
2. HANDICAPPED CHILDREN
Handicapped child is one
who deviates from normal
health status either
physically, mentally or
socially and requires
special care, treatment
and education.
3. DEFINITION
According to WHO, the sequence of events leading
to disability and handicapped conditions are as
follows
Injury or disease
Impairment,
Disability,
Handicap
7. BLINDNESS
According to WHO the inability to count fingers in
day light from a distance of 3 meters is defined as
blindness.
8. PROBLEM FACED BY BLIND
CHILD
Problem of attachment
Unable to use hand as organ
of perception
Problem on locomotion
Dependence on parents and
caregiver
Behavioral problems
Less social interaction
Less playing activity
9. Prevention Of Blindness
Provide good antenatal
care
Immunization –
meseals, rubella
Genetic counseling and
screening
Prevent infection
Prevent pre term birth
and
provide excellent
neonatal care to pre
10. Cont….
vitamin A supplement
health education about eye
safety, personal hygiene
and nutrition for health
promotion
Treatment of causes of
childhood blindness
Retinopathy of
prematurity (ROP)
Cataract
Glaucoma
12. DEAFNESS
A person who is not able
to hear as well as
someone with normal
hearing .
It can affect
one ear or both ears, and
leads to difficulty in
hearing conversational
speech or loud sounds
13. LEVELS OF HEARING
IMPAIRMENT
Mild deafness
25 to 39dB
Moderate deafness
40 to 69dB
Severe deafness - 70 to
89dB.
Profound deafness - 90dB <
14. IMPACT OF HEARING LOSS
Functional impact
Poor Academic Performance
Social and emotional impact
Economic impact
15. MANAGEMENT
Sign language
Hearing devices -
hearing aids,
assistive listening
devices and cochlear
implants.
lip-reading skills
Speech therapy-
use of written or
printed text
16. SPEECH HANDICAPPED
means an impairment of
speech or sound
production, fluency,
voice or language which
significantly affects a
child’s educational
performance or their
social, emotional or
vocational development.
18. EMPACT OF SPEECH
IMPAIRMENT
Poor Communication skill
Less social interactions
Behavioral problem - children
may feel shame,
embarrassment, frustration,
anger, and depression as a
result of speech impairments.
Poor academic performance
19. MANAGEMENT
Early identification of speech
impairment
Elimination of hearing impairment
Medical and surgical intervention for
underlying causes
Psychological counseling
Avoid making fun of their voice or
speech
Voice or Speech therapy
Physical therapy
Cognitive rehabilitation
20. ORTHOPEDICALLY
HANDICAPPED
Orthopedic disability occur when
movements in over body are
affected due to disease, injury,
any absence or deformities in the
joints, bones, muscles or an injury
in nervous system
Loco motor disability means
disability of the bones, joints or
muscles leading to substantial
restriction of the movement of the
limbs
22. DEVICES FOR POSITIONING AND
MOBILITY
Canes
Walkers
Crutches
Wheelchairs
Specialized
exercise
equipment
Specialized
chairs, desks,
and tables for
proper
posture
development
23.
24. MENTAL HANDICAPPED
A mental handicap is an
impairment in an
individual's ability to
function cognitively,
emotionally or physically
due to the presence of a
psychiatric condition. This
condition hinders
someone's ability to
perform a task or
prevents that person from
engaging in an activity
without assistance.
26. MENTAL RETARDATION
Mental retardation is
defined as significantly sub
average general
intellectual functioning,
resulting in associated with
concurrent impairment in
adaptive behavior, which
manifests during the
developmental period”.
(American Association on
Mental Deficiency)
28. EFFECT ON CHILDREN
Failure to achieve
developmental milestones.
Deficiencies in cognitive
functioning such as
inability to learn or to meet
academic demands.
Expressive or receptive
language problems.
29. Cont…
Psychomotor skill deficits.
Difficulty performing self care
activities.
Neurologic impairments.
Medical problems, such as
seizures.
Low self esteem depression
and labile moods.
Irritability when frustrated or
upset.
Lack of curiosity
30. TREATMENT MODALITIES
Behavior management.
Environment supervision
Monitoring the child’s developmental needs and
problems.
Programs that maximum speech , language,
cognitive, psychomotor, social , self care, and
occupational skills.
Family therapy
Early intervention programs for children younger
than age 3 with mental retardation.
Provide day schools to train the child in basic skills,
such as bathing and feeding.
31. CEREBRAL PALSY
It is a disability that
affects ability to control
muscles caused by
damage to the brain
while the brain is
developing.
34. SOCIALLY CHALLENGED
CHILDREN
A Socially handicapped
children may be defined as
a child whose opportunity
for a healthy personality
development and full
unfolding of potentialities
are hampered certain
elements in his social
environment such as
parental inadequacy,
environmental deprivation,
(lack of learning
opportunity) and emotional
disturbance
35. CATEGORY OF SOCIALLY
HANDICAPPED CHILDREN
Orphan
Neglected
children
Children of
divorce or step
parents
Delinquent
children
36. ORPHAN
CHILDREN
An orphan is a child
permanently bereaved of
or abandoned his or her
parents. a child lost both
parents is called orphan
does not have any
surviving parents to care
for him or her
37. PROBLEM ASSOCIATED WITH
ORPHANS
Developmental
retardation
Conduct and sleep
problem
Personality problem
Bed wetting
Disturbance in eating
Depression
During adulthood
Antisocial problem
Drug addiction
Alcoholism
Marital problem
38. CHILD NEGLECT
Child neglect is an
ongoing failure to
provide the right care
and attention to a child's
needs, including food
and a safe environment,
or to a child's emotional
needs including warmth,
security and love. A lack
of these things are likely
to result in serious
damage to the child's
health or development.
40. parental mental health
problems such as
depression
Unstable and abusive
relationships between
parents
parental history and learned
parental behavior
lack of knowledge of
children's needs,
an inability to plan, lack of
confidence about the future,
41. Cont…
being a teenage
mother,
Alcohol and drug
abuse in care-givers
unemployment
poverty
a large number of
children,
high levels of stress
domestic violence
42. CONSEQUENCES OF NEGLECT
Developmental delays-
socialize
delayed physical and
mental growth,
Neurological impairments.
poor social skills,
experience extended
poverty or unemployment
Face chronic illnesses or
early death.
cognitive deficits,
43. Cont…
emotional development
problems –
Unusual fussiness, fear, or
Lack of interest in activities.
Being anxious or avoiding
people
Difficulty in making friends
Being withdrawn.
The effects on behavioral
development
Anti-social behavior
Early sexual activity
44. Cont…
Poor mental health, such as
exhibiting low self-esteem,
anxiety, depression, or suicidal
tendencies.
Insecure-anxious attachment.
Attachment difficulties and
difficulty in formation of
relationships in the future
Affects intellectual ability and
cognitive/ Sudden decline in
academic performance.
Anxiety or impulse-control
45. Cont….
Failure to thrive”
Obviously unhealthy
Dirty or have poor
personal hygiene or
Inadequately clothed.
The effects may last into
adulthood and may cause
a person to neglect their
own children later in life.
46. Management
For Parents
Treatment for
Substance abuse.
Depression or other mental
health problems.
Low self-esteem
Violent behavior
realize responsibility regarding
child
educating and helping parents
to correct their erroneous
thinking and behavior or
47. Cont….
For Child
Child-centered interventions
include
pediatric care, mentoring
Behavioral and mental
health treatment.
Provide stimulation
programme to emotionally
neglected child
Develop timely and
comprehensive assessments
or placed in foster home
48. CHILDREN OF DIVORCED OR
SEPRATED PARENTS
A divorce always affects
children, even adult
children, and divorce is
almost always stressful for
children. And lead to lost
contact with one parent,
create economic hardships,
and increase conflict
between parents For all
these reasons, most
children have a hard time
during the divorce transition.
49. EFFECTS OF DIVORCE OR
SEPERATION ON CHILDREN
Infants
Loss of appetite.
Upset stomach — may spit up more. More fretful or
anxious.
Toddlers
More crying
Sleeping Problem
May feel anger
May worry when parent is out of sight.
May withdraw, bite or be irritable.
Temper tantrums
50. Cont…
Preschoolers
Feels uncertain about the future.
May feel responsible.
May hold anger inside.
May become aggressive and angry
toward parent he/she lives with.
May have more nightmares.
Experiences feelings of grief because
of sudden absence of parent.
51. Cont….
Early elementary
Feels unfaithful and feels a sense of
loss.
Feels rejected by the parent who left.
Ignores school and friendships.
Worries about the future.
Complains of headaches or
stomachaches.
Experiences loss of appetite, sleep
problems, diarrhea, urinary
frequency.
Learning problem in school
52. Cont….
Preteens and adolescents
Feels angry and disillusioned.
Feels abandoned, that parent is leaving
him/her not the other spouse.
Shows extreme behavior (good and bad).
Involved in high-risk behaviors (drugs,
shoplifting, skipping school).
Anti social behavior
Drug or alcohol abuse
Problem in maintaining relationship.
Worries about financial matters.
53. MANAGEMENT
Not expose child to conflict
between parents
Listen to child and provide
emotional support
Child should be reared to
respect to both parents
Child should taught that both
parents are nice people but are
separating because of they
have different views about life
55. PRIMARY PREVENTION
Genetic counseling
Genetic screening
Reduction of
consanguineous marriage
Pregnancy planning
Rh incompablity
Immunization of mother and
baby
Vitamin A prophylaxis
Improve nutritional status of
mother and child
56. Cont….
Prevention of iodine and folic
acid deficiency
Provide essential care in
prenatal, Intranatal, postnatal
period
Prevent maternal and neonatal
infection
Prevent birth injury, asphyxia,
hyperbilurubinemia
Special care to high risk mother
–abortion, premature birth
Encourage to kick bad habits
such as smoking or alcohol
abuse.
57. SECONDARY PREVENTION
Careful history
Regular medical supervision
and developmental
assessment
Tereatment of particular
handicap condition
Correction of deformity
Physiotherapy and exercise
to improve physical
condition
Occupational therapy
58. Cont…
Speech therapy to
improve communication
ability
Prosthetics
Special care for mentally
handicapped children with
warmth , love , tolerance,
discipline, avoid criticism
Counseling and guidance
Referral for welfare
services
59. REHABILITATION OF HANDICAP
CHILDREN
Medical
rehabilitation
Social
rehabilitation
Educational
rehabilitation
Psychological
rehabilitation
Vocational
rehabilitation
61. WELFARE OF HANDICAPPED
CHILDREN
Persons with disabilities bill
(equal opportunity, protection of
right and full participation)-
1995,introduced by ministry of
welfare and Govt of India and it
deal with preventive and
promotional aspect of
rehabilitation
Children Act 1960- provide for
the care protection, maintenance,
welfare, education, and
rehabilitation of socially
handicapped children.
62. Schemes for handicapped
children
Deendhyal disabled rehabilitation scheme
Assistance to disabled person to purchase or
fitting of aids and appliance
National handicapped finance and development
cooperation
Scheme for implementation of person with
disabilities act 1995(sipda)
Scheme for incentive to employees in the private
sector for providing employment to person with
disabilities
63. National institute for handicapped
National institute for orthopedically handicapped
Calcutta
National institute for mentally handicapped
Hyderabad
Ali yavar Jung National institute for hearing
handicapped Mumbai
National institute for rehabilitation, training, and
research Calcutta
National Institute for visually handicapped new
Delhi and Dehradun
64.
65. NURSING MANAGEMENT OF
HANDICAPPED CHILDREN
Ineffective family coping and
altered parenting related to
handicapped condition
Anxiety of parents and family
members
Altered nutrition less than body
requirement
Potential for infection
Self care deficient
Communication impaired
Physical mobility impaired
66. Cont…..
Altered elimination pattern
Activity intolerance
Altered sleep pattern
Sensory alteration, visual/
auditory
Altered growth and
development
Diversional activity deficit
Knowledge deficit to
continued care of
handicapped children
67. Conclusion
handicap develops as the consequence of the
disability. It is defined as a disadvantage for a
given individual resulting from impairment or a
disability that limits and prevents the fulfillment
of a role which is normal for that individual,
depending on age, sex, social and cultural
factors.