This document discusses sources of drugs and active drug principles. It defines drugs and medicines, and outlines various sources including natural sources from plants, animals, and minerals; microbial sources; human sources; synthetic sources; and those produced through genetic engineering. The key active principles discussed are alkaloids, glycosides, oils, resins, gums, and tannins. Reliable sources of drug information are also listed.
1. Dr Bilal Ahmad MalikDr Bilal Ahmad Malik
Sources of DrugSources of Drug
&&
Active principle of DrugActive principle of Drug
2. ObjectivesObjectives
After completing the discussion, the student will be able toAfter completing the discussion, the student will be able to
Define drug and medicineDefine drug and medicine
Describe different sources of drugDescribe different sources of drug
Identify the active principles of a drugIdentify the active principles of a drug
Select authorative sources of drugSelect authorative sources of drug
information.information.
5. Average family experiences illness onAverage family experiences illness on
one day in four.one day in four.
Between ages of 20-45 years a lowerBetween ages of 20-45 years a lower
middle class man experiences approx.middle class man experiences approx.
one life endangering illnessone life endangering illness
20 disabling (temporarily) illnesses20 disabling (temporarily) illnesses
200 non disabling illnesses200 non disabling illnesses
1000 symptomatic episodes1000 symptomatic episodes
12 years of bad health in an average life12 years of bad health in an average life
span.span.
7. Drugs/MedicinesDrugs/Medicines
WHO scientific group has defined a drug asWHO scientific group has defined a drug as
Any substance or product that is used or intended to
be used to modify or explore physiological systems
or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.
A substance that changes the biological system by
interacting with it
8. A medicine is a substance or aA medicine is a substance or a
mixture of substances used inmixture of substances used in
restoring or preserving health.restoring or preserving health.
9. A drug is a single chemical substanceA drug is a single chemical substance
that forms the active ingredient of athat forms the active ingredient of a
medicine.medicine.
A medicine may contain many otherA medicine may contain many other
substances to deliver the drug in asubstances to deliver the drug in a
stable form, acceptable and convenientstable form, acceptable and convenient
to the patient.to the patient.
Drug vs Medicine?
10. Why do weWhy do we
need/ Useneed/ Use
Drugs/Drugs/
Medicines?Medicines?
11. Uses of drugs/MedicinesUses of drugs/Medicines
To cure the disease
To suppress the disease
To prevent disease
To diagnose the disease
13. Study of pharmacology involves the study ofStudy of pharmacology involves the study of
origin of drugsorigin of drugs
Chemical and physical properties of drugsChemical and physical properties of drugs
Physiologic effects and site of action in thePhysiologic effects and site of action in the
bodybody
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, andAbsorption, distribution, metabolism, and
excretion.excretion.
Safe/effective dosage regimen & route ofSafe/effective dosage regimen & route of
administration.administration.
Adverse reactions, toxic effects & drug-drugAdverse reactions, toxic effects & drug-drug
interactionsinteractions
14. Sources of DrugsSources of Drugs
Naturally occurringNaturally occurring
Modified natural drugsModified natural drugs
Mineral sourcesMineral sources
Microbial sourcesMicrobial sources
Human sourcesHuman sources
Synthetic sourcesSynthetic sources
Genetic engineeringGenetic engineering
15. Active principles of drugActive principles of drug
A constituent of aA constituent of a drugdrug, upon the, upon the
presence of which thepresence of which the characteristiccharacteristic
therapeutictherapeutic actionaction of theof the substancesubstance
largely depends.largely depends.
21. 1. Alkaloids1. Alkaloids
organicorganic nitrogenousnitrogenous substancessubstances
bitterbitter
insoluble in waterinsoluble in water
react with acids to form saltsreact with acids to form salts
salts are soluble in body fluidssalts are soluble in body fluids
Examples areExamples are
atropineatropine,, caffeinecaffeine,,,, morphinemorphine,, nicotinenicotine,, quininequinine,,
reserpine, emetine, codeine, tubocurarine.reserpine, emetine, codeine, tubocurarine.
24. Caffeine (CNS Stimulant)Caffeine (CNS Stimulant) is the activeis the active
principle in tea, coffee.principle in tea, coffee.
CocaineCocaine is the active principle of theis the active principle of the
coca leaf, which is chewed as acoca leaf, which is chewed as a
stimulant-narcoticstimulant-narcotic
25. Atropine (Anticholinergic) ----
from leaves of atropa belladona.
Ephedrine (bronchodilator) ----
from plant Ephedra Vulgaris
Quinine (Antimalarial) ----
from bark of Cinchona.
Reserpine (Antihypertensive) ----
from roots of Rauwalfia serpentia
26. 2.2. GlycosidesGlycosides
AnyAny compoundcompound that contains athat contains a
carbohydratecarbohydrate molecule (sugar)molecule (sugar)
by hydrolytic cleavage, convertible intoby hydrolytic cleavage, convertible into
sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone)sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone)
glucoside (glucose),glucoside (glucose),
pentosidepentoside (pentose),(pentose),
fructoside (fructose) etcfructoside (fructose) etc
27. EXAMPLE:EXAMPLE:
DigoxinDigoxin (cardiac stimulant)(cardiac stimulant)------ leavesleaves
of digitalis purpurea or digitalisof digitalis purpurea or digitalis
lanatalanata
Anthraqinone glycosidesAnthraqinone glycosides ((laxativelaxative
action)action) ---------- senna,cascara,aloesenna,cascara,aloe
48. And what,” you ask, “is aAnd what,” you ask, “is a
recombinantrecombinant drug?!”drug?!”
49. Recombinant DrugsRecombinant Drugs
These are drugsThese are drugs
produced byproduced by
means ofmeans of
recombinantrecombinant
DNA technologyDNA technology
It all starts with aIt all starts with a
gene that codesgene that codes
for a specificfor a specific
protein ...protein ...
DNA
RNA
Protein
(A drug)
50. How a recombinant drug is madeHow a recombinant drug is made ......
Plasmid
(a circular bit o’ DNA)
cDNA(codes for a protein)
E.COLI
HUMAN INSULIN
51. Example of a Recombinant DrugExample of a Recombinant Drug::
InsulinInsulin
Most insulin isMost insulin is
now recombinantnow recombinant
Consists of twoConsists of two
chains (A and B)chains (A and B)
A and B chainsA and B chains
joined chemicallyjoined chemically
S
S
A
B
53. Sources of Drug InformationSources of Drug Information
The United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) andThe United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) and
National Formulary (NF)National Formulary (NF)
Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)Physician's Desk Reference (PDR)
Drug Facts and ComparisonsDrug Facts and Comparisons
TextbookTextbook
JournalsJournals
Continuing medical education programsContinuing medical education programs
Drug company representativesDrug company representatives
Advertisements ( medical/nonmedical journals)Advertisements ( medical/nonmedical journals)
InternetInternet
54. Helpful Internet SitesHelpful Internet Sites
MedscapeMedscape
(http:/www.medscape.com)(http:/www.medscape.com)
Food and Drug AdministrationFood and Drug Administration
(http:/www.fda.gov)(http:/www.fda.gov)
PharmInfoPharmInfo
(http:/www.pharminfo.com)(http:/www.pharminfo.com)
RxMedRxMed
(http:/www.rxmed.com)(http:/www.rxmed.com)