UNIT 9. HABSBURG DINASTY IN SPAIN. 16th and 17th centuries

1. UNIT 9. THE HABSBURG
DINASTY

2. Who were the Habsburg?
● They were an european royal family (from
Austria), who had a huge power in the
continent, especially in Spain, where they ruled
during two centuries (16th-17th centuries).
● In Spain they are known as “Austrias”
● Austrias' emblem

3. Why did they rule in Spain?
● One of the daughters of Catholic Monarchs,
Juana “The mad” (la loca), were married with
the inheritor of Habsburg dinasty: Felipe “The
Handsome” (El hermoso)
● The son of that marriage, Carlos, became the
king of Spain when his grandpas and parents
died.

5. ● In total, the habsburg monarchs in Spain
were 5
– Carlos I of Spain or V of Germany.
– Felipe II
– Felipe III
– Felipe IV
– Carlos II – He died without an heir.

6. CARLOS I “The emperor”

7. FELIPE II

8. FELIPE III

9. FELIPE IV

10. CARLOS II “The Bewitched”

11. CARLOS I “The emperor”

12. 1.1 THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I:
INTERIOR POLICY
He ruled Spain from 1516 to 1559.
In his beginning as a monarch took little interest in
Iberian Peninsula, being more interested for the
German Empire
He wanted to became the German emperor, so he
spent the Castilian money to get it. Finally he
obtained the titile of Emperor of the Holy German
Empire in 1519.
But, in Spain took place several revolts against a
king more interested in his personal aspirations
than the problems within his territory.

13. 1.1 THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I:
INTERIOR POLICY
● He was considered as a foreigner for
spaniers, because of he had lived all his life
in Ghent (Gante), in Flanders, the current
Beligum.
● He had never been in Spain before
● He didn't speak spanish
● All his court was composed by flanders
people.

14. 1.1 THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I:
INTERIOR POLICY● Problems within the empire
– Revolt of the Comuneros (1520-1521)
In some castilian cities such as, Toledo, Segovia or Avila,
the low nobility, bourgeoisie and peasants uprise against
the King because of economic policy and the changes that
the new “foreigner” emperor had established.
The uprsinig spread for all Castile, and many revolts took
place facing the comunero movement and empire army
with the support of high nobility.
Finally, the comuneros army was defeated for the imperial
troops in the batlle of Villalar (1521). In addition, the main
leaderships of the revolt were executed.

15. LEADERSHIPS OF COMUNERO
MOVEMENT
● JUAN BRAVO FRANCISCO MALDONADO
● JUAN DE PADILLA MARIA PACHECO (Padilla's wife)

16. 1.1 THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I:
INTERIOR POLICY
REVOLT OF THE BROTHERHOODS (REVUELTA DE LAS
GERMANÍAS) 1521-1523
It was another uprising of artisians and peasants in the crown
of Aragon (Valencia and Mallorca)
The artisians wanted access to goverment office while the
peasants wanted better rental conditions.
The revolts were suppressed by Carlos I who allied with the
nobility defeated them in 1523.

17. 1.2. THE EMPIRE OF CHALRES I.
EXTERIOR POLICY
He had to fight against foreign powers in
order to defend:
– His authority “as the most powerfull man
in Europe”
– Catholic religion, against Lutheranism in
German territory. Also he defended
christianity against muslim Turks.

18. 1.2. THE EMPIRE OF CHALRES I.
EXTERIOR POLICY
● Wars against France.
His personal enemy and rival was Francisco I of
France. Several wars took place between them,
most of them in italian territory. The most
important victory of Carlos was the Battle of
Pavia (1525) where Spain defeated France. And
Carlos could add Milan “milanesado” to his
dominances.
The enmity between both monarchs was the
dominance of Europe. Both competed for became
the emperor of German Empire.

19. Francisco I Vs Carlos I

20. 1.2. THE EMPIRE OF CHALRES I.
EXTERIOR POLICY
● Wars against Turks (1529-1541)
– Turks had the control over the oriental
Mediterranean sea and the Balkan region since
the beginnig of 16th century.
However, they decided to conquer more european
territory in the area around the River Danube
(Hungary). They reach even to Viene. (Viena)
Carlos I, as the maximum defensor of Christianity,
went to war with them.
– He could stop the turkish advance, but muslim
settled down in Balkan region.

21. THE OTOMAN EMPIRE: TURKS

22. 1.2. THE EMPIRE OF CHALRES I.
EXTERIOR POLICY● In war against lutheranism
The most relevant conflict was against protestantism,
because of the majority of German Princes supported
Lutheran reform.
Carlos, as the emperor and the leadership of the Empire and
the Catholicism didn't permit the existance of Protestant
reform in his territory.
For that reason, he faced German princes and other allies of
Lutheranism, starting long wars of religion.
Initially he defeated protestants in the battle of Mühlberg in
1547, but finally he had to accept equality in religion, and
signed the Peace of Augsburg (1555).
● AFTER ALL, RELIGIOIUS FREEDOM IN GERMAN EMPIRE.

23. 2.THE EUROPEAN EMPIRE OF
FELIPE II

24. FELIPE II. A WORLD EMPIRE

25. 2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE
II
Carlos I, after his defeat in wars of religion, decided to
abdicate in his son: Felipe II.
But he divided the empire in two parts:
● His oldest son: Felipe II inherited the Spanish
territory, the Low Countries, italian territories and
America.
● His brother: Fernando I inherited the Holy Roman
German Empire.
Spanish monarchs stopped thinking in imperial
aspirations. They hadn't rights there.

26. 2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE
II● He paid more attention to spanish issues than his
father.
● He ordered to build “El escorial”, royal residence
and seat of goverment.
● The power of the authority monarch incresed. He
didn't often convene the Cortes.
● He took advice from the ADVISORY COUNCILS,
each one with a specific task. The councils were
divided in three different groups:
– Advisory councils -Ministerial councils
– Territorial Councils
He established royal officials called corregidors to
represent royal authority in local areas.

27. 2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE
II
He were married 4 times, with 4 different wifes.

28. 2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE
II
Defense of Catholicism
He was the maximum advocate of Catholicism, also
represented the Counter-reformation spirit.
He made laws that prohibited foreign books or
study abroad.
He used the Inquisition to persecute jewish,
moorish or protestants.
Also it was necessary have a “clean blood”
“limpieza de sangre” for having public offices.

29. 2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE
II
ALPUJARRAS REVOLT (Revuelta de las
Alpujarras)
In a mountain region of Granada, some
moorish (moriscos) uprised in 1568, because
their language, customes or dressing style
was forbiden.
They revolted during three years, and finally in
1570, after a long and difficult fight, Felipe's
army won.
As a consquences, around 80.000 moorish
were dispersed to other regions.

30. 2.1. INTERIOR POLICY OF FELIPE
II

31. 2.2.FELIPE II: EXTERIOR POLICY
War against France
He continued facing to
France. Finally Spain
defeated them in the
battle of Saint-Quentin
in 1557 and Gravelinas
and after many years
they signed the peace.

32. 2.2.FELIPE II: EXTERIOR POLICY
In War with Turks
Also, a problem in the Christian comunity was
the muslim advance in the east of Europe.
So Felipe II, in alliance with Venice and the
Pope gave them a heavy defeat in the famous
naval battle of Lepanto (1571)

33. 2.2.FELIPE II: EXTERIOR POLICY

34. 2.2.FELIPE II: EXTERIOR POLICY
In war with England
Reasons:
● England supported the Protestants in
Flanders
● England attacked spanish ships trading in
America.
Felipe II used all the spanish Armada,
known historically as “the unbeatable”
(La Armada invencible) with the purpose
to invade Englad, an enormous expedition
was sent there.
But unfortunately, the fleet was destroyed
in a storm in front of the English coasts

35. “LA ARMADA INVENCIBLE”

36. 2.2.FELIPE II: EXTERIOR POLICY
The revolt in Flanders
People from the low countries revolted against the spanish crown,
because of:
– High taxes
– Imposition of Inquisition
– Religious conflict between protestant and catholics.
The north of Flanders (Holland) protestant, and the south: Belgium and
Luxembourg catholic.
In conection with these problems, a independence movement appeared,
led by Guillermo de Orange in 1566 and the war started.
Felipe II made an strongly effort to solve that problem, but he coudn't.
Finally, the low countries were divided in two parts:
An independence protestant north: Holland
A catholic south under spanish control.

37. FLANDERS
REVOLT

38. 2.2.FELIPE II: EXTERIOR POLICY
Annexation of Portugal (1580-1640)
Due to marriage alliances started by the
Catholic Monarch.
The king of Portugal died without a direct
heir.
So Felipe II with right of inheritance,
annexed Portugal and its empire in 1580.
Both empires were united until 1640.

39. El imperio donde nunca se ponía el
sol

40. THE DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE:
17TH CENTURY
During the 17th century the habsburg monarchs
were unable to govern, they are known as
“Austrias Menores”
They ignored the government tasks and delegated
the power in his trustworthy man who acted as
prime minister, called: favourites (validos)
● Valido/Favourite: a person who is given political
responsabilites ecause of his friendship with the
king. Actually, they governed instead of their
monarchs.

41. THE FAVOURITES or VALIDOS:
DUQUE DE LERMA – CONDE DUQUE DE OLIVARES

42. THE REIGN OF FELIPE III
He ruled the first decades of 17th century
(1598-1621)
The person who governed in his name was the
Duke of Lerma, his favourite.
They mantained peace abroad, with:
– England: Treaty of Londres (1604)
– Low countries: Treaty of Twelve years (1609)

43. THE REIGN OF FELIPE III
THE EXPULSION OF MORISCOS (1609)
In the interior policy he ordered the expulsion
of Moriscos from the Peninsula, with caused
a shortage of agricultural products worse,
because of the majority of them were
peasants, and many rural areas were left
unpopulated.
Most of the moriscos lived in Aragon, and
they moved to northern Africa.

44. THE REIGN OF FELIPE III

45. FELIPE IV's REIGN
From 1621 to 1665 he ruled.
After the rule of Felipe III with a peaceful goverment Spain had
lost the hegemony in Europe.
For that reason Felipe IV tried to recover and mantain the
Habsburg dominance in Europe.
He entered into an european war for religious and political
issues which faced protestants and catholics. That conflict is
called: Thirty Year's War due to its duration (1618-1648)

46. FELIPE IV's REIGN: EXTERIOR
POLICY

47. FELIPE IV's REIGN: EXTERIOR
POLICY
The Thirty year's war ending in 1648 when both
sides decided to sign peace in the Peace of
Westfalia treaty.
● In such treaty Spain recognised the Netherlands
independence.
However, Spain and France continued in war until
1659 when they signed the Treaty of Pyrenees, in
which Rousillon and Artois (territories in the
northeast of Pyrenees) became part of France

48. FELIPE IV'S REIGN: INTERIOR
POLICY
Count-Duke of Olivares, Felipe IV's favourite,
decided to make reforms with the purpose of
collect more money (increasing taxes) and
soldiers to support the european war.
It caused revolts in Andalucia, Portugal,
Catalonia, Naples and Sicily.
In Andalucia and Italy the spanish army could
stope the revolt, but Portugal became
independent because of that. And Catalonia
recieved support from France.

49. CARLOS II: CRISIS IN THE
HABSBURG MONARCHY
Felipe IV was married whit his niece: Mariana
de Austria. Their youngest son was: Carlos
● During his rule (1665-1700) Spain experienced
a period of crisis caused by:
– The Incompetence of the king. He suffered
different illnesses. He wasn't able to govern. It is
said he was bewitched, in fact, he is known as “El
hechizado”. The consanguinity caused all his
deseases.
– He had 4 favourites, all of them corrupts
– Economical problems

50. Does he look very healthy?

51. CARLOS II: CRISIS IN THE
HABSBURG MONARCHY
He was impotent, so he died without an heir in
1700.
For this reason took place a war called: War of
the spanish Succession (Guerra de sucesión
española) between Felipe of France's Bourbon
dinasty and Charles of Austria.
Both demanded rights to inherit the power.
The victory of the French brought an end to
the Habsburg monarchy in Spain, and the
beginning of Borboun dinasty with Felipe V.