Kevin Litwiller - Director of Business Develoment for Lystek International presents the changing trends and landscape of wasterwater biosolids and residuals management. The key points made include: 1) We must view biosolids as a resource not waste 2) Agriculture 3.0 - a shift to small, family farms to much larger sophisticated operations - demands the nutrient rich, organic matter in biosolids be safely recycled to meet the needs of sustainability 3) Concerns about biosolids odours and pathogens are contributing to a shift toward advanced treatment/technologies - Class A Solutions

1. The Changing Landscape of Biosolids Management
PRESENTED BY:
Kevin Litwiller – Director of Business Development

2. Definition of biosolids - Canada &. u.s.
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment - CCME
"Organic products produced from the treatment of wastewater sewage and septage to reduce
pathogens and vector attraction (odours). Municipal wastewater biosolids may be solid, semi
solid or liquid and come primarily from the treatment of domestic wastewater and municipal
sludge."
US Environmental Protection Agency - US EPA
"A nutrient-rich organic materials resulting from the treatment of domestic sewage in a
treatment facility. When treated and processed, these residuals can be recycled and applied as
fertilizer to improve and maintain productive soils and stimulate plant growth"
CCME
Ganacian Cound La GonSElil canadien
of Ministarl> daa minis1rae
of the ErNironmant de l'errvironnemElIl1

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CCM E - October 11, 2012
CANADA-WIDE APPROACH FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF WASTEWATER BIOSOLIDS
POLICY STATEMENT
The Approach promotes the beneficial use of valuable resources such as nutrients, organic
matter and energy contained within municipal biosolids, etc.
Beneficial uses should be based on sound management principles that include:
Consideration of the utility and resource value (product performance)
Strategies to minimize potential risks to the environment & human health
Strategies to minimize greenhouse gas emissions (GHG's)
Adherence to federal, provincial, territorial & municipal standards, requirements/guidelines.

4. CCM E - October 11, 2012
CANADA-WIDE APPROACH FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF WASTEWATER BIOSOLIDS
SUPPORTING PRINCIPLES (ABBREVIATED}
1. Contain valuable nutrients & organic matter that can be recycled or recovered as
energy.
2. Adequate source reduction and treatment should effectively reduce pathogens, trace
metals, vector attraction, odours & other substances of concern.
3. The beneficial use should minimize net GHG emissions.
4. Beneficial uses & sound management practices must adhere to all applicable safety,
quality & management standards, requirements & guidelines.

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Why is beneficial use so critical?
World population, hunger 8:: food facts:
World population projected to exceed 9 billion by 2050.
Growth - we are adding 78 million/year - equivalent to 9 NYC's per annum!
Currently 870 million hungry people in the world - more than the combined
populations of the U.S., Canada & the European Union.
Global food production will need to increase 40% by 2030 and 70% by 2050.
Farming in 2050 will occupy only 13% more land than was used in 2008 to produce.
Source: World Health Organization & UNICEF
World Health
Organization

6. What is critical in food production?

7. What is a key ingredient of fertilizer?
Phosphorus
...and shortages are coming...and they are real!
Peak Phosphorus Study - U.K. ex Scotland (2010) states;
II Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for all plants and animals. It forms part of
genetic material, and is used for energy transfer, within the cells ofliving things. II

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...the study also says;
The supply of phosphorus from mined phosphate rock could I peak' as soon as 2033,
after which this non-renewable resource will become increasingly scarce & expensive.
Without fertilization from phosphorus, wheat yields could fall from nine (9 )tonnes per
hectare in 2000 to four (4) tonnes a hectare in 2100.
When demand for phosphates fertilizer outstripped demand in 2007/2008, the price of
rock phosphate rose by 800%.
The current price of phosphate rock is approx. twice that of 2006.
Europe is dependent on imports of rock phosphates, having no deposits of their own.

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....and;
In 2009, 158 mil. metric tonnes of phosphate rock was mined globally. 67% coming
from three (3) primary areas - China (35%), USA (17%) & Morocco (15%) .
China has now restricted & the USA has stopped, exports of phosphate.
We are completely unprepared to deal with the shortages in phosphorus inputs, the drop
in production & the hike in food prices that will follow.
In the longer term on a global scale, the majority of human excreta will need to be
returned to a large proportion of agricultural soils to close the phosphorus loop.
"We need to start thinking of human excreta as a resource, not a waste."

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Grovvth pressures
organic (waste)
Increasing organic "waste" generation
Increasing management &. disposal costs
Increasing demands on agriculture
Increasing demands for chemical fertilizers
Decrease in available farmland &. other resources
Increasing demands for practical, beneficial solutions

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What is happening in the ag sector?
AGRICULTURAL TRENDS
"AGRICULTURE 3.0" - general shift from small, family farms to much larger, more
sophisticated farming operations. *
With advances in technology, climate change, etc. the sector is more educated & bottom
line results oriented than ever before - everything is accelerating. *
*Source: AGRI-TRENDS - Red Deer, AB

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What is happening in the ag sector?
AGRICULTURAL TRENDS
Acutely aware of input costs, soil conditions - importance of restoring (not only)
micronutrients - but also critical, organic matter - back to the soil.
Looking for ways to reduce input costs - lessen dependency on commercial fertilizers.
Interested in affordable, nutrient-rich, organically-based fertilizer products, particularly if
they are recognized and/or certified by the appropriate regulators.
...AND THEY ARE WILLING TO INVEST IN THESE SOLUTIONS!
p(Jrton Poultry Bn rdt'nJ LId.
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What are we hearing about biosolids?
Disposal in landfills not considered sustainable - is being disallowed by regulators.
Escalating management challenges & costs - forcing communities to re-think approaches.
Program diversity/risk mitigation is strongly desired:
Public understanding & acceptance is key.
Generators are looking for safe, proven solutions.
Fiscally & environmentally responsible - short & longer term.
Environmental
Sustainability Report ,I
I

14. What else are we hearing?
II Concerns, especially about pathogens, odours, etc. are contributing to a distinct
shift away from Class B and toward Class A treatment options. 11
WEFjWERF Workshop - "Pathogens for the 21st Century" (October, 2013)
Water Environment
Federation~
the water quality people™

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Management options?
Landfilling
Historical "Class B" land application
Incineration
Enhanced treatment/advanced beneficial use
Technology has advanced - allows materials to be viewed as "raw materials" - a
resource that can be transformed & beneficially utilized - sustainably.
Municipalities &. generators have a role to play in ensuring this happens!

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How can the industry help?
SOLUTIONS/BEN EFITS
Keep advancing & refining biosolids & organics management programs to meet/ exceed
((ME ( & other) guidelines & regulations for beneficial use.
Produce safe & healthy fertilizer products that can be sold (instead of given away) to
reduce ongoing costs for generators - (i.e. farming, greenhouses, sod farms, etc.).
Develop revenue generating models that assist in short & longer term cost recovery.
Provide cost effective solutions that help to increase biogas recovery & conversion of
materials into "green energy" while reducing costs & overall volumes.
Provide viable solutions for sustainable, long term,
beneficial use programs.

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Enhanced treatment options - Class A
Composting
Thermal Hydrolysis
Pelletization (Thermal drying)
Anaerobic Digestion/Co-Digestion
Hybrid solutions (Lystek)
Options that foster new ways of thinking___
Opens the doors to a range of sustainable, long term opportunities!

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Other trends &.. considerations...
Pressure (& desire) is increasing to divert ~ suitable organics from landfill.
Authorities are struggling to develop initiatives & framework to facilitate collection &
processing of residential, commercial & institutional organic waste.
Challenge is to develop/establish appropriate & effective technologies & approaches.
WWTP's have invested in expensive infrastructure - looking for ways to enhance/improve
operational efficiencies.
Opportunities to co-process organics are being seriously explored & planned for.
Over time, more integration of WWTP's with solid waste management sector (due to the
above factors) is expected.

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Conclusions
Viewing biosolids & residuals as a resource, not a "waste" - importance cannot be
overstated.
"AGRICULTURE 3.0" demands that the nutrient rich, organic matter found in these
materials be safely recycled to help meet the needs of sustainability.
Concerns about pathogens, odours, costs, etc. are contributing to a distinct shift
toward advanced treatment/technologies - Class A solutions.
Options can & must be diversified - include crop fertilization, harnessing of energy,
reduction of volumes & GHG's.
We (can) & must continue to innovate & be "forward thinking" in the development
& implementation of solutions that are fiscally & environmentally responsible.
Municipalities & all generators have a key role to play in ensuring this happens!

21. Sustainability - closing the loop
organic (waste)
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22. Results are rewarding...
Lystek International recognized for biosolids technology
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23. Thank You
:::::::=::::-
Nothing wasted.
Everything to gain.
t: 226-444-0186
e: info®lystek.com
w: www.lystek.com
5: II
Nothing wasted. IIfII'
Everything to gain. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~'"