malnutrition.pptx

MALNUTRITION
Ms.Lydia Felix
Msc Nursing I year
Community Health Nursing

malnutrition dimensions have now reached
a situation of alarm with more than 50%
suffering from some form of
malnutrition or micronutrient deficiency,
resulting in suboptimal cognitive and
physical development, low productivity
and high health costs.

Prevalence of malnutrition
remains high at 35.5%
stunting; 19% wasting, and
32.1% underweight including
a high prevalence of anemia
and micronutrient deficiency
disorders.

more than one third of the
world's malnourished children
live in India.
Among these, half of the
children under three years old
are underweight.

The World Bank - India is one of the highest-
ranking countries in the world for the number
of children with malnutrition.
The prevalence of underweight children in
India is among the highest in the world and is
nearly double that of Sub Saharan Africa -
consequences for mobility, mortality,
productivity, and economic growth.

Causes
Economic inequality - lacks in both quality and quantity
Poor nutrition within the first thousand days of a child's life can have
many negative causes to them. It can lead to stunted growth, impaired
cognitive ability, reduced school performance, and diseases like diarrhea.
According to a report, 68% of deaths in children under 5 years of age, in
India, is due to malnutrition

Causes cont..
Socio-economic status
Region
Religion
Female population
Women who are malnourished are less likely to have healthy babies

Causes cont..
Inappropriate and sub-optimal infant and young child feeding and
caring practices
Issues relating to the prevention of illnesses and access to healthcare
Low awareness regarding nutrition and the use of local nutritious food
including sources of nutrients
Inadequate attention to the health and nutrition of adolescent girls

Malnutrition refers to deficiencies or excesses in
nutrient intake, imbalance of essential nutrients or
impaired nutrient utilization.
The double burden of malnutrition consists of both
undernutrition, overweight and obesity, as well as diet-
related noncommunicable diseases.

Under nutrition manifests in four broad
forms
Wasting
01
Stunting
02
Underweight
03
Micronutrient deficiencies
04

Wasting
low weight-for-height
It often indicates recent
and severe weight loss
It usually occurs when a
person has not had food of
adequate quality and
quantity and/or they have
had frequent or prolonged
illnesses
Wasting in children is
associated with a
higher risk of death if
not treated properly.

Stunting
low height-for-age
It is the result of chronic or
recurrent undernutrition,
usually associated with
poverty, poor maternal
health and nutrition,
frequent illness and/or
inappropriate feeding and
care in early life.
Stunting prevents children
from reaching their physical
and cognitive potential.

Underweight
low weight-for-age.
A child who is
underweight may be
stunted, wasted or
both.

Micronutrient deficiencies
lack of vitamins and
minerals that are
essential for body
functions such as
producing enzymes,
hormones and other
substances needed for
growth and development.

person is too
heavy for his or
her height.
Abnormal or
excessive fat
accumulation
can impair
health.
Globally,
people are
consuming
foods and
drinks that are
more energy-
dense (high in
sugars and
fats), and
engaging in
less physical
activity
Overweight
and obesity
result from
an imbalance
between
energy
consumed
(too much)
and energy
expended
(too little).
Obesity

PREVENTION
Reducing malnutrition is key part of the United Nations' Sustainable
Development Goal 2 (SDG2)

which aims to reduce malnutrition, under nutrition, and
stunted child growth.
Managing severe acute under nutrition in a community
setting has received significant research attention.
"Zero Hunger,"

Ministry of Rural Development
Applied nutrition programme
Ministry of Social Welfare
ICDS
BNP
SNP
Ministry of health and family welfare
National Nutrtional Anemia Prophylaxis Programme
National Prophylaxis Programme for prevention of blindness due to vitamin A
defeciency
National iodine deficiency disorder control programme
Ministry of education
Mid day meals programme

Increase access to health facilities in rural parts of the
world. These facilities could monitor undernourished
children, act as supplemental food distribution centers, and
provide education on dietary needs.
Health facilities

In 2016, estimates suggested that more widespread
breastfeeding could prevent about 823,000 deaths annually of
children under age 5.
In addition to reducing infant deaths, breast milk provides an
important source of micronutrients - which are clinically proven
to bolster children's immune systems - and provides long-term
defenses against non-communicable and allergic diseases.
BREASTFEEDING

Therapeutic milk products designed to treat
severe malnutrition.

F-75 F-100
F-75 has 75 Kcal energy and 0.9 gm
protein (every 100 ml)
F-75 has 100 Kcal energy and 2.9 gm
protein (every 100 ml)
It is used for stabilization (recovery of
normal metabolic function and nutrition-
electrolytic balance) purpose
It is used for growth and recovery of the
child from severe acute malnutrition
It is used in the initial stage of recovery
It is used in the rehabilitation phase for
rapid weight gain, after the appetite has
returned
It is considered as a ‘starter’ feeding
formula during the initial management
of SAM
It is considered as a ‘catch-up’
formula as it is used in those cases
where the child is out of danger but still
serious and requires recovery

F-75 is not intended to increase the
weight of the child
It is intended to increase the weight of
the child
On an average, F-75 is used for 2-7 days
F-100 is used for longer duration
compared to that of F-75
Its daily dose is 130ml/kg/day Its daily dose is 130-200ml/kg/day
F-75 is given for those children who:
Has severe acute malnutrition with
medical complication and is unable to
tolerate high level of protein, fats and
sodium.
F-100 is given for those children who:
Has severe acute malnutrition but no
complications at present

It is a nutritional food with low
levels of protein, lactose, fat,
sodium and iron; modest level of
sugar to prevent hypoglycemia but
rich in carbohydrate
It is a food with high levels of
protein, fat and sodium
It is used in phase 1 treatment
protocol of WHO for treating
SAM child
It is used for the phase 2 treatment
protocol of WHO for treating
SAM child.
It is specially designed to meet the
child’s nutritional need without
overwhelming the body’s system
It is designed to recover, repair
and rebuild the wasted tissues of
the SAM child
It prevents death of the child It ensures growth of the child

Methods
Various anthropometric measurements help to assess malnutrition.
A) Age dependant anthropometric measurements
1) Weight (Wt)
2) Height (Ht)
3) Occipito frontal circumference (Head circumference)
4) Chest circumference
5) Wt for age, Ht for age
B) Age independent (or partially dependent) anthropometric
measurements
1) Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC)
2) Body mass index (BMI)
3) Skin fold thickness – triceps, subscapular,biceps,suprailiac
4) Indices – Wt. for height, Wt for length
5) Various ratios

Scenario
Baby Amit is a 9-month-old who comes to the Anganwadi
center for his regular check-up. The health worker, you are
Ms. Radha , needs to mark his weight which is 8.2 on the
growth chart to monitor his growth progress..

malnutrition.pptx

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malnutrition.pptx