1. Pearson correlation table
One Tailed Probabilities
0.05 0.025 0.005 0.0005
Two-Tailed Probabilities
N 0.1 0.05 0.01 0.001
4 0.900 0.950 0.990 0.999
5 0.805 0.878 0.959 0.991
6 0.729 0.811 0.917 0.974
7 0.669 0.754 0.875 0.951
8 0.621 0.707 0.834 0.925
9 0.582 0.666 0.798 0.898
10 0.549 0.632 0.765 0.872
11 0.521 0.602 0.735 0.847
12 0.497 0.576 0.708 0.823
13 0.476 0.553 0.684 0.801
14 0.458 0.532 0.661 0.780
15 0.441 0.514 0.641 0.760
16 0.426 0.497 0.623 0.742
17 0.412 0.482 0.606 0.725
18 0.400 0.468 0.590 0.708
19 0.389 0.456 0.575 0.693
20 0.378 0.444 0.561 0.679
21 0.369 0.433 0.549 0.665
22 0.360 0.423 0.537 0.652
23 0.352 0.413 0.526 0.640
24 0.344 0.404 0.515 0.629
25 0.337 0.396 0.505 0.618
26 0.330 0.388 0.496 0.607
27 0.323 0.381 0.487 0.597
28 0.317 0.374 0.479 0.588
29 0.311 0.367 0.471 0.579

2. Modern Technologies that help in the Control of Disease
A, Modern Treatment
Acupuncture
Heart bypass
Endorphin
Fibrin
Cobalt 60
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Liquid nitrogen
Transplant
B. Modern Apparatus
x-ray
laser
keycell bioenergizer
electrocardiography
electroencephalography
ultrasound
scanner
Noncommunicable Diseases
Noncommunicable diseases are not caused by pathogens but rather, by how
people live, by conditions with which they are born or by the hazards around them. It also
includes diseases caused by a breakdown of the body tissues (degenerative disease), poor
diet, environmental and occupational hazards, stress and tension.
Common Noncommunicable Diseases
Cardivascular disease. This refers to the disease of the heart and blood vessels.
These include arteriosclerosis, hypertension, heart attack and stroke.
Arteriosclerosis – is the hardening of the arteries. It occurs when a fatty substance
such as cholesterol are deposited on the walls of the arteries, making the vessels
become hard, narrow and less elastic.
Heart Attack – occurs when the heart muscle tissue dies from lack oxygen
because of reduced blood flow. Heart attack is fatal when a large part of the heart is
affected.
Hypertension or high blood pressure – occurs when blood pressure is higher than
normal. Blood pressure is the force of the blood on the inside walls of the blood
vessels.
Stroke – occurs when a clot blocks a small blood vessel in the brain, thus brain
cells die from lack of oxygen. It can cause a person inability to move (paralysis). A
serious stroke can cause death.
Cancer. This is caused by abnormal cells growing without control. As this
normal cells grow, they form in masses called tumors. Tumors can either be:
Benign – masses of cells that are not cancerous and do not spread.

3. Malignant – masses of cells that are cancerous. They may spread to other
parts of the body by moving along the blood vessels or through the lymph
system. This spreading is called metastasis.
MOST COMMON CANCERS
Warning Signs of Cancer:
1. Change in bowel or bladder habits
2. A sore that does not heal
3. Unusual bleeding or discharge
4. Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
5. Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
6. Obvious change in a wart or mole
7. Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer may be diagnosed in many different ways:
1. Biopsy the doctor may take a piece of tissue for examination under the
microscope
Where It Occurs How Common It Is How Curable It Is
1. Skin Most common 95% of treated
persons recovered
2. Colon and
Rectum
Second most common
mostly in men but
increasingly in women
About half of treated
persons lived 5 years
or longer after
treatment
3. Lungs Mostly in women Only about 10% of
treated patients
lived
4. Breast Most common in
women
About 70% of
treated females
recovered
5. Reproductive
Organ
Male – prostate
testicles
Female – cervix
More than 60% of
patients treated
recovered
6. Bone marrow
(leukemia)
and
lymphoma
Most common type in
children
About 85% of
treated patients
lived; rate of cures
improving for
leukemia; rate for
lymphoma is 90%

4. 2. Curettage tissue from within the body is removed for analysis
3. X-ray is invaluable in detecting cancer
Treatment of Cancer
1. Surgery  this involves removal of the tumor and repair of the affected organ
2. Radiation Therapy or Radiotheraphy  this involves attacking cancer with x-rays or
with rays or particles from such radioactive substances such as cobalt-60 or radium.
3. Drug Therapy or Chemotherapy  this has become an increasingly important method
of cancer treatment. Drugs have been proven effective especially in treating leukemia
and lymphoma.
Diabetes. This is a disease that prevents the body from converting food into energy.
Carbohydrates are normally changed into a simple sugar called glucose (a source of energy).
Insulin, the hormone produced in the pancreas, regulates the level of glucose in the blood.
a. Type I diabetes – is the result of little or no insulin produced by the pancreas.
b. Type II diabetes – is the result of too little insulin produced by the pancreas or failure of
the insulin to function normally.
Arthritis. Refers to the inflammation of a joint or joints. It usually occurs during old age.
There are two kinds of arthritis:
a. Rheumatoid Arthritis – causes pain and swelling in may joints throughout the body. This
can lead to deformity and crippling. This disease is common among middle-aged adults.
b. Osteoarthritis – is a disease of older people. It results from wear and tear on the joints,
especially those of the hips, knees and fingers. This causes severe pain.
Common Medicinal Plants
Medicinal plants are inexpensive, effective and safe when properly used. Following instructions
on the proper preparations and administration is necessary to obtain best results. However, if
symptoms persist, it would be better to consult a doctor.
A. For Fever
Medicinal Plant Preparation How To Use
1. Camias
(Kamyas)
Take 2-4 handfuls of fresh
leaves. Boil in 2 glassfuls of
water for 5 minutes. Add
water to make the decoction
Give the patient a sponge
bath using the decoction. Do
this at least once a day, until
fever subsides.

5. lukewarm.
2. Star Fruit
(Balimbing)
take 2-4 handfuls of fresh
leaves. Boil for 5 minutes in 4
glasses of water. Add water to
make a lukewarm solution.
With the decoction, give the
patient a sponge bath. Do this
once or twice daily.
3. Tamarind
(Sampalok)
Boil 2-4 handfuls of leaves in 3
glassfuls of water for 5
minutes. Add water to make
the decoction lukewarm.
Give a sponge bath for the
sick. Do it once or twice daily.
B. For Headache
Worm Wood
(Damong Maria)
Crush some fresh leaves.
Add a few drops of
cooking oil. Heat slightly.
Apply on forehead and
temples. Keep in place with
gauze or strip of cloth.
C. For Constipation
Tamarind
(Sampalok)
Collect enough
ripe fruit
Eat the fruit and wash
down with water.
D. For Cough
Preparation How to Use
1. Chinese Orange
(Kalamansi)
Squeeze 2 or 3 fruits into a glass
of warm water.
Fruit drink- repeat 3 or 4
times a day
2. Ginger (Luya) Take 2 pieces of thumbsized
ginger and boil in 4 glassfuls of
water for 5 minutes.
Divide the decoction into
3 equal portions and drink
3 times a day.
3. Mango
(Mangga)
Boil chopped leaves in 2 glassfuls
of water for 5 minutes. Cool and
strain.
Divide into 3 portions.
Drink 3 times a day.
4. Tamarind
(Sampalok)
Boil chopped leaves in 2 glassfuls
of water for 15 minutes. Cool and
strain.
Drink the decoction 3
times daily.
E. For Diarrhea
Preparation How to Use
1. Guava
(Bayabas)
Boil chopped leaves in 2 glasses
of water for 15 minutes. Cool
and strain.
Divide decoction into 2
parts. Drink every 3 to 4
hours.
2. Star Apple
(Kaymito)
Boil chopped leaves in 2 glasses
of water for 15 minutes. Cool
and strain.
Divide the decoction into 4
equal portions. Drink each
portion every 2 or 3 hours.
3. Mango
(Mangga)
Boil 2 teaspoons of chopped
tree bark or 4 teaspoons of
chopped seeds (core) of the
Drink ¼ glasses of
decoction 3-4 times daily.

6. mango fruit in 2 glasses of
water. Let it boil until water is
down to half the original
quantity. Cool and strain.
F. For Toothache
Preparation How to Use
1. Guava (Bayabas) Take 2-3 fresh guava
shoots. Wash well
Chew and allow to settle
on aching tooth.
2. Garlic (Bawang) Pound 1 small clove of
garlic
Insert into a cavity of
aching tooth. If pain
persists, change garlic after
2 hours.
G. For Wounds
Preparation How to Use
1. Worm Wood
(Damong Maria)
Boil 2 handfuls of chopped
leaves in a small pot for 5
minutes. Cool and strain.
Wash the wound with the
decoction. Do this once or
twice daily.
2. Tamarind (Sampalok) Boil 1-3 handfuls of
chopped leaves in a small
pot for 5 minutes. Cool and
strain.
Wash the wound with tehe
decoction. Do this once or
twice daily.
H. For Cuts and Scrapes
Preparation How to Use
1. Ginger (Luya) Pound enough fresh
ginger. Squeeze the juice
out.
Apply on scrapes or
shallow cuts.
2. Tamarind
(Sampalok)
Boil 1 handful of leaves in
4 glasses of water for 15
minutes.
Wash scrapes and cuts
with decoction.
I. For Joint Pains and Rheumatism
Preparation How to Use
1. Ginger (Luya) Pound a few pieces of Apply directly on the

7. ginger. Heat slightly. affected part twice dauly
or when pain is felt.
2. Garlic (Bawang) Pound 5-10 cloves of fresh
garlic. Heat a little if
desired.
Apply on the affected
part at night or when
pain id felt.
J. For Gas Pains
Preparation How to Use
1. Worm Wood
(Damong Maria)
Drop 4 fresh or 8 dried
leaves in a pot with 1
glassful of water. Boil.
Cool and strain.
Drink slightly warm
decoction. Repeat once or
twice a day.
2. Ginger (Luya) Boil 1 teaspoon of
chopped root part in
water for 5 minutes. Cool
and strain.
Drink the decoction.
after technologies that help in the control of disease
Scientist who contributed greatly in the field of medicine and health:
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1676) – invented the microscope
Robert Hooke (1678) – developed the first compound microscope
Louis Pasteur (1861) – Father of Bacteriology; discovered the cure to
rabies
Joseph Lister (1867) – introduced the value of sterilization and aseptic
(diseases producing bacteria) precaution
Edward Jenner (1796) – introduced the first vaccine using cowpox to
immunize against small pox
Paul Ehrlich (1910) – pioneered the technique of chemotheraphy
which deals with the use of chemicals for the
treatment and control of diseases-causing organisms
Alexander Fleming (1928) – discovered the antibiotic Penicillin
William Einthoven (1911) – invented the electrocardiograph
Jonas Salk (1953) – developed the first vaccine against poliomyelitis
Christian Barnard (1967) – performed the first successful heart transplant on
a human being