1. The document discusses different microscopic techniques used to observe microorganisms, including growing and isolating bacteria, observing them under brightfield and phase contrast microscopes, and staining them using techniques like Gram staining and acid-fast staining. 2. It explains the basic parts and functions of a light microscope like the objective lenses, condenser, diaphragm, and describes different types of microscopes and maximum magnifications. 3. Special staining techniques are described that allow visualization of specific structures like capsules, flagella, endospores using stains like India ink, malachite green, and the five basic groups of microorganisms are identified.

1. Observing Microorganisms through a Microscope Chapter 3

3. HAVE YOU SEEN A MICROSCOPE???

7. 10X or 15X power. Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses Supports the tube and connects it to the base used to reflect light from an external light source up throug

19. Acid Dyes - used for Negative Staining (background is stained) Mordant - intensifies the stain or coats a structure to make it thicker and easier to see after it is stained Example: Flagella - can not normally be seen, but a mordant can be used to increase the diameter of the flagella before it is stained Salmonella typhosa

23. Gram Stain 1. Crystal violet

24. Gram Stain 2. Grams Iodine (mordant)

25. Gram Stain 3. Alcohol

26. Gram Stain 4. Safranin (Counterstain)

31. 2 Important Pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis

32. Mycobacterium leprae

35. Special Stains Capsule Stain Klebsiella pneumoniae

36. Flagella Stain Spirillum volutans

37. Endospore Stain Bacillus cereus

38. Clostridium botulinum

40. 5 basic groups of microbes

44. Staphylococcus aureus -Gram-positive, MRSA, coccus prokaryote (dividing); causes food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome and skin and wound infections such as scalded skin syndrome, scarlet fever, erysipelas and impetigo. Magnification:-- x3,025--(Based on an image size of 1 inch in the narrow dimension)

46. Electron Micrograph of Saccharomyces Saccharomyces cerevisiae Note budding yeast (arrows). Wine yeast with bud and bud scars ( Sacchromyces spp.). Magnification:-- x2,270--(Based on an image size of 1 inch in the narrow dimension)