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Lecture # 11 measures of profitability i
1.
Lecture # 11 Measures
of profitability 1 Dr. A. Alim
2.
MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY •
We need a systematic method for comparing expenses and incomes at different times • We need to compare the project profitability with a norm or minimum acceptable performance • Many measures are in use; we’ll look at four. - Two include time value of money. These are almost always used. - Two do not include time value of money. These are only used for initial screening, but are not recommended for final decision making. 2 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
3.
3 Material used in
this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
4.
Key Relationships For any
year: CFBT = GI – E – P + S = GI – E For years 1 to (n-1) Taxable income TI = GI – E – D Taxes = TI (te) Net Profit after taxes = Np = TI (1-te) CFAT = A = Np + D only for years 1 to (n-1) 4 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
5.
Material used in
this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007. 5 Important reminder: Taxable income (TI) does not include P, S, or W …just (GI-E-D)!
6.
MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY 1.
RETURN ON ORIGINAL INVESTMENT(ROI) • Simple calculation • Defined as: ROI = NP, av. / F = (average annual profit)/(fixed capital + working capital) • Expressed in units of %/yr • For acceptable investment ROI >MARR >Cost of capital 6 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
7.
7 Material used in
this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007. Example, ROI calculation: Interest in converting trucks fueled by Diesel to run on compressed natural gas (CNG) has been increasing in recent years. Studies have shown that 25% savings in fuel cost/mile are achievable. The following information is available for a certain truck being considered for such conversion. Calculate the expected ROI for this project: Annual miles driven = 30,000 miles/year Truck diesel fuel economy = 8 miles per gallon (MPG) Cost of diesel fuel = $ 4 per gallon Conversion hardware cost (tanks, valves, etc…) = $15,000 Solution: Diesel fuel cost per year = [(30,000 miles/year) / (8 miles/gallon)] x (4 $/gallon) = 15,000 $/year Annual fuel cost savings with CNG = 0.25 x 15,000 = $3750 Therefore ROI = 3750/15,000 = 25 % per year In addition to cost savings, there are also environmental benefits.
8.
MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY 2.
PAYBACK PERIOD (PBP) • This measure is often used as a “quick and dirty” measure of profitability. Also called Payback Time • Defined in units of time (months or years): - The time for the cumulative cash flow (CFAT) from operation to recover the fixed capital. Usually , payback period does not consider time value of money. However, time value of money could be considered if discounted CFAT are used. • The CFAT used in PBP calculation is the cash flow from operation only. It does not include the initial investment in year 0, or the recovery of salvage value or working capital in the last year of operation. • Therefore, for PBP calculation we should use the equation: CFAT = NPAT + D (and not CFAT = CFBT – taxes) . . It is therefore recommended to use CFAT = NPAT + D for all years from 1 to n. 8 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
9.
MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY PAYBACK
PERIOD (PBP) • PBP = Fixed capital / Average annual cash flow after tax = Fixed capital / A av. • Aav is average annual cash flow after tax for years 1 to n. • It is recommended to use “ CFAT = NPAT + D” for all years from 1 to n. 9 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
10.
10 Material used in
this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
11.
Example: PBP* Period Cash
Flow (k$) 0 -1000 1 475 2 400 3 330 4 270 5 200 • A project with initial investment of k$ 1000 (all fixed) has the following series of CFAT. What is the PBP of this project? * Jelen’s cost and optimization engineering, third edition, McGraw Hill 1991. Page 104 11 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
12.
• The average
annual cash flow is: (475 + 400 + 330 + 270 + 200) / 5 = 335 Hence: Payback Time = 1000/335 3 years • Note: - No time value of money 12 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
13.
13 Material used in
this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
14.
MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY PAYBACK
PERIOD (PBP) • PBP = Fixed capital cost / Average annual cash flow after tax • For acceptable investment PBP should be ≤ PBP ref • PBP ref is defined as PBP when ROI = MARR • Since fixed capital is usually 0.85 F; where F is the total capital invested: PBP = 0.85F/A av. = 0.85F / ( Np+ D ) av. • ROI = Np / F or NP = ROI * F • When ROI = MARR → NP(at MARR) = MARR*F PBP ref = 0.85F/{(MARR)*F) + (0.85F/n)} = 0.85/(MARR +(0.85/n)) this is Np this is D Generally, if R = Fixed capital / Total capital, then: PBP ref = R / (MARR + R /n) 14 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
15.
MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY Limitations
of PAYBACK PERIOD method: 1) It neglects any required return, since the time value of money is omitted. 2) It also neglects all net cash flows after the PBP, including positive cash flows that may contribute to the return on the investment. 15 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
16.
MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY 3.
NET PRESENT WORTH or VALUE (NPW) or (NPV) • Explicitly considers time value of money • Defined as present value of all after-tax cash flows • Must be positive for acceptable investment. • For n compounding periods in the life of the project, with net cash flow at each period = An • NPV is calculated at interest rate = MARR FiANPV N n n n 1 )1( 16 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
17.
MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY Period
Cash Flow (k$) 0 -1000 1 475 2 400 3 330 4 270 5 200 • Calculate the NPV for this project at 10% Class Exercise: Net Present Value (NPV) 17 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
18.
MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY •
Calculate the NPV for this project at 10% NPV = -1000 + 475/(1.1) + 400/(1.1)2 + …. = Note - Considers time value of money explicitly Class Exercise: Net Present Value (NPV) і = 0.1 n 0 1 2 3 4 5 C -1000 475 400 330 270 200 PV -1000 431.82 330.58 247.93 184.41 124.18 sum = 318.93 Alternatively, we can use Excel NPV function: NPV = NPV(0.10,A1:A5) + A0 18 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
19.
MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY 4.
DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW RATE OF RETURN (DCFRR) Also called, Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) or Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Defined as the interest rate that results in a NPV value of 0.0 DFCRR must be ≥ MARR for acceptable investment. 0)1( 1 FiANPV N n n n 19 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
20.
MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY Period
Cash Flow (k$) 0 -1000 1 475 2 400 3 330 4 270 5 200 • Calculate the DCFRR for this project Class Exercise: Discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFRR) 20 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
21.
MEASURES OF PROFITABILITY •
Calculate the DCFRR for this project NPV = -1000 + 475/(1+i) + 400/(1+i)2 + …. = 0 DCFRR = i = .2393 or 23.93% (By trial and error) • Note - Considers time value of money explicitly і = 0.2393 n 0 1 2 3 4 5 C -1000 475 400 330 270 200 23.93% PV -1000 383.2809 260.4396 173.3742 114.4611 68.41444 sum = -0.02968 Alternatively we can use the Excel IRR function: DCFRR = IRR(A0:A5) 21Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
22.
Profitability vs. Cash
Flow • Assume Companies A & B make the same product, in same quantities and have the same gross income (revenues) GI of $100,000 per year • Annual expenses are $50,000/yr for both • A produces products on a machine worth $200,000 and has a life of 5 years • B's machine also costs $200,000, but has a useful life of 10 years • MARR is 5% for both companies. Cash flow before taxes (CFBT) For A = $100,000 - $50,000 = $50,000/yr For B = $100,000 - $50,000 = $50,000/yr NO DIFFERENCE! 22 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
23.
Net Profit after
Taxes (NPAT) •Taxable Income (GI – E – D): A = $100,000 - $50,000 - (200,000/5) = $10,000/yr B = $100,000 - $50,000 - (200,000/10) = $30,000/yr • Taxes @ (50%) A = 0.50($10,000) = $5,000/yr B = 0.50($30,000) = $15,000/yr • NPAT (Taxable income) - (Taxes) A = 10,000 - 5000 = $5,000 B = 30,000 - 15,000 = $15,000 • CFAT = [CFBT - Taxes] A = $50,000 - $5,000 = $45,000 B = $50,000 - $15,000 = $35,000 23 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
24.
Which company is
better? 24 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
25.
A B F (total
= fixed) $200,000 $200,000 MARR 5% 5% CFAT $45,000 $35,000 NPAT $5,000 $15,000 n 5 10 D $40,000 $20,000 Profitability analysis assuming MARR = 5% 25 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
26.
A Acceptable ? B Acceptable ? ROI % 5,000/200,000 =
2.5% NO 15,000/200,000 = 7.5% YES PBPref years 1/(0.05 + 1/5) = 4.00 1/(0.05 + 1/10) = 6.67 PBP years 200,000 / 45,000 = 4.44 NO 200,000 / 35,000 = 5.71 YES NPV $ -$5,173 EXCEL NO $70,261 EXCEL YES IRR % 4% EXCEL NO 12% EXCEL YES 26 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
27.
n CFAT n
CFAT 0 -200000 0 -200000 1 45000 1 35000 2 45000 2 35000 3 45000 3 35000 4 45000 4 35000 5 45000 5 35000 6 35000 7 35000 8 35000 9 35000 10 35000 NPV = ($5,173.55) NPV = $70,260.72 IRR = 4% IRR = 12% Company A Company B 27 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
28.
Which company is
better? • Company B is better as shown by profitability analysis • Higher cash flow is not necessarily better. Profitability analysis should be used to select the better alternative. • A has “turned” more of its assets into cash, but is using its assets less efficiently (shorter useful life!) 28 Material used in this lecture is sourced from "Plant Design and Economics for Chem. Engineers", 5th ed. McGraw Hill, © 2003 , by Peters, et al., and also from Engineering Economics 4N04 class notes, McMaster University © 2001-2007.
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