Suche senden
Hochladen
Ch12
•
Als PPT, PDF herunterladen
•
9 gefällt mir
•
4,691 views
L
lschmidt1170
Folgen
Technologie
Melden
Teilen
Melden
Teilen
1 von 38
Jetzt herunterladen
Empfohlen
Ch10
Ch10
lschmidt1170
Soil
Soil
lschmidt1170
Ch09
Ch09
lschmidt1170
Ch02
Ch02
lschmidt1170
Ch05
Ch05
lschmidt1170
Ch15
Ch15
lschmidt1170
Ch14
Ch14
lschmidt1170
Ch13
Ch13
lschmidt1170
Empfohlen
Ch10
Ch10
lschmidt1170
Soil
Soil
lschmidt1170
Ch09
Ch09
lschmidt1170
Ch02
Ch02
lschmidt1170
Ch05
Ch05
lschmidt1170
Ch15
Ch15
lschmidt1170
Ch14
Ch14
lschmidt1170
Ch13
Ch13
lschmidt1170
Ch18
Ch18
lschmidt1170
Factors controlling weathering
Factors controlling weathering
Sharik Shamsudhien
River discharge
River discharge
Shah Hussain
Ch19
Ch19
lschmidt1170
Ch06
Ch06
lschmidt1170
Ch20
Ch20
lschmidt1170
Groundwater Quality.ppt ground water quality and tts effects on environment
Groundwater Quality.ppt ground water quality and tts effects on environment
NazmulHossainSifat
A new System of Terrain Classification - Rüdiger Köthe
A new System of Terrain Classification - Rüdiger Köthe
FAO
Groundwater occurrence Vertical distribution of groundwater
Groundwater occurrence Vertical distribution of groundwater
Naresh Kumar
Ch04
Ch04
lschmidt1170
2 Soil Formation 1
2 Soil Formation 1
sherylwil
Ch16
Ch16
lschmidt1170
An introduction to soils, soil formation and terminology
An introduction to soils, soil formation and terminology
Michael Newbold
Groundwater Hydrogeology
Groundwater Hydrogeology
Jyoti Khatiwada
Soil
Soil
Raja_khan1
Pedology: The Science of Soil Development
Pedology: The Science of Soil Development
Juliana Fortunato
TEXTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS.pptx
TEXTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS.pptx
Annamalai University
Engineering properties of soil
Engineering properties of soil
Amarnath .
Ch 03 basic soil science (1)
Ch 03 basic soil science (1)
Nguyễn Thủy
The Earth System ch1
The Earth System ch1
ohly0002
Rates of weathering lesson 6
Rates of weathering lesson 6
Ms Geoflake
Weathring and erossion
Weathring and erossion
anwar ul haq
Weitere ähnliche Inhalte
Was ist angesagt?
Ch18
Ch18
lschmidt1170
Factors controlling weathering
Factors controlling weathering
Sharik Shamsudhien
River discharge
River discharge
Shah Hussain
Ch19
Ch19
lschmidt1170
Ch06
Ch06
lschmidt1170
Ch20
Ch20
lschmidt1170
Groundwater Quality.ppt ground water quality and tts effects on environment
Groundwater Quality.ppt ground water quality and tts effects on environment
NazmulHossainSifat
A new System of Terrain Classification - Rüdiger Köthe
A new System of Terrain Classification - Rüdiger Köthe
FAO
Groundwater occurrence Vertical distribution of groundwater
Groundwater occurrence Vertical distribution of groundwater
Naresh Kumar
Ch04
Ch04
lschmidt1170
2 Soil Formation 1
2 Soil Formation 1
sherylwil
Ch16
Ch16
lschmidt1170
An introduction to soils, soil formation and terminology
An introduction to soils, soil formation and terminology
Michael Newbold
Groundwater Hydrogeology
Groundwater Hydrogeology
Jyoti Khatiwada
Soil
Soil
Raja_khan1
Pedology: The Science of Soil Development
Pedology: The Science of Soil Development
Juliana Fortunato
TEXTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS.pptx
TEXTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS.pptx
Annamalai University
Engineering properties of soil
Engineering properties of soil
Amarnath .
Ch 03 basic soil science (1)
Ch 03 basic soil science (1)
Nguyễn Thủy
The Earth System ch1
The Earth System ch1
ohly0002
Was ist angesagt?
(20)
Ch18
Ch18
Factors controlling weathering
Factors controlling weathering
River discharge
River discharge
Ch19
Ch19
Ch06
Ch06
Ch20
Ch20
Groundwater Quality.ppt ground water quality and tts effects on environment
Groundwater Quality.ppt ground water quality and tts effects on environment
A new System of Terrain Classification - Rüdiger Köthe
A new System of Terrain Classification - Rüdiger Köthe
Groundwater occurrence Vertical distribution of groundwater
Groundwater occurrence Vertical distribution of groundwater
Ch04
Ch04
2 Soil Formation 1
2 Soil Formation 1
Ch16
Ch16
An introduction to soils, soil formation and terminology
An introduction to soils, soil formation and terminology
Groundwater Hydrogeology
Groundwater Hydrogeology
Soil
Soil
Pedology: The Science of Soil Development
Pedology: The Science of Soil Development
TEXTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS.pptx
TEXTURES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS.pptx
Engineering properties of soil
Engineering properties of soil
Ch 03 basic soil science (1)
Ch 03 basic soil science (1)
The Earth System ch1
The Earth System ch1
Andere mochten auch
Rates of weathering lesson 6
Rates of weathering lesson 6
Ms Geoflake
Weathring and erossion
Weathring and erossion
anwar ul haq
Soil forming factors
Soil forming factors
Md Rubel Hossain
Soil conservation ppt
Soil conservation ppt
rithikkapoor7
Sac 201 assainment
Sac 201 assainment
kalaiselvanadac
Evolution In Nz
Evolution In Nz
allyjer
Sodic soil pkm
Sodic soil pkm
P.K. Mani
Chapter 12
Chapter 12
Saad Farooqi
Cheffey geog 4 intro spr 2013
Cheffey geog 4 intro spr 2013
lschmidt1170
Intro fall 2016 geog lab
Intro fall 2016 geog lab
lschmidt1170
Sbvc intro geog 120 sp 2013
Sbvc intro geog 120 sp 2013
lschmidt1170
Intro geog 110 online fall 2016
Intro geog 110 online fall 2016
lschmidt1170
Geog 4 summer 2013
Geog 4 summer 2013
lschmidt1170
Geog 110 sp 2013 intro
Geog 110 sp 2013 intro
lschmidt1170
Ch01
Ch01
lschmidt1170
11 clicker questions
11 clicker questions
Asma Said,PhD
Human geography10
Human geography10
lschmidt1170
Ch 5
Ch 5
lschmidt1170
Human geography11
Human geography11
lschmidt1170
Ch 1
Ch 1
lschmidt1170
Andere mochten auch
(20)
Rates of weathering lesson 6
Rates of weathering lesson 6
Weathring and erossion
Weathring and erossion
Soil forming factors
Soil forming factors
Soil conservation ppt
Soil conservation ppt
Sac 201 assainment
Sac 201 assainment
Evolution In Nz
Evolution In Nz
Sodic soil pkm
Sodic soil pkm
Chapter 12
Chapter 12
Cheffey geog 4 intro spr 2013
Cheffey geog 4 intro spr 2013
Intro fall 2016 geog lab
Intro fall 2016 geog lab
Sbvc intro geog 120 sp 2013
Sbvc intro geog 120 sp 2013
Intro geog 110 online fall 2016
Intro geog 110 online fall 2016
Geog 4 summer 2013
Geog 4 summer 2013
Geog 110 sp 2013 intro
Geog 110 sp 2013 intro
Ch01
Ch01
11 clicker questions
11 clicker questions
Human geography10
Human geography10
Ch 5
Ch 5
Human geography11
Human geography11
Ch 1
Ch 1
Ähnlich wie Ch12
Unit6 T.B Mbele.pptx
Unit6 T.B Mbele.pptx
ThobaniMbhele
31. soil science By Allah Dad Khan
31. soil science By Allah Dad Khan
Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Edaphic Factor
Edaphic Factor
Dr. Ravindra Madhekar
edaphic factors
edaphic factors
bhanupriya R
Lecture 2. edaphic factors
Lecture 2. edaphic factors
Reysie Ann Faura
Chapter twelve
Chapter twelve
lschmidt1170
Edaphic factors- soil profile, structure, porosity, soil moisture, soil air. ...
Edaphic factors- soil profile, structure, porosity, soil moisture, soil air. ...
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Forensics of soil complete
Forensics of soil complete
kiran yadav
Soil Science Simplified.ppt #soil science #fundamentals of sail
Soil Science Simplified.ppt #soil science #fundamentals of sail
ajaysaini99283371
Unit 1 INTRODUCTION AND SOIL PHYSICS.pptx
Unit 1 INTRODUCTION AND SOIL PHYSICS.pptx
satheeshkumarcivil
Soil Profile
Soil Profile
Alisha Dahal
index properties of soil.pdf
index properties of soil.pdf
SamratRoy57
UNIT 1.B.M..pptx
UNIT 1.B.M..pptx
Prasanna venkatesh
SoilProperties.ppt
SoilProperties.ppt
king khan
Presentation of Soil Properties general.ppt
Presentation of Soil Properties general.ppt
saikatbarick1990
SoilProperties.ppt
SoilProperties.ppt
DHARMENDRAKUMAR216662
Soil Properties and Identification of soil nature soil type testing of soil a...
Soil Properties and Identification of soil nature soil type testing of soil a...
vishnuraj698790
SOILs.ppt
SOILs.ppt
Francis de Castro
Soil
Soil
RichardParsons50
SOIL SCIENCE PDF PPT
SOIL SCIENCE PDF PPT
Pranay Kumar Pelapolu
Ähnlich wie Ch12
(20)
Unit6 T.B Mbele.pptx
Unit6 T.B Mbele.pptx
31. soil science By Allah Dad Khan
31. soil science By Allah Dad Khan
Edaphic Factor
Edaphic Factor
edaphic factors
edaphic factors
Lecture 2. edaphic factors
Lecture 2. edaphic factors
Chapter twelve
Chapter twelve
Edaphic factors- soil profile, structure, porosity, soil moisture, soil air. ...
Edaphic factors- soil profile, structure, porosity, soil moisture, soil air. ...
Forensics of soil complete
Forensics of soil complete
Soil Science Simplified.ppt #soil science #fundamentals of sail
Soil Science Simplified.ppt #soil science #fundamentals of sail
Unit 1 INTRODUCTION AND SOIL PHYSICS.pptx
Unit 1 INTRODUCTION AND SOIL PHYSICS.pptx
Soil Profile
Soil Profile
index properties of soil.pdf
index properties of soil.pdf
UNIT 1.B.M..pptx
UNIT 1.B.M..pptx
SoilProperties.ppt
SoilProperties.ppt
Presentation of Soil Properties general.ppt
Presentation of Soil Properties general.ppt
SoilProperties.ppt
SoilProperties.ppt
Soil Properties and Identification of soil nature soil type testing of soil a...
Soil Properties and Identification of soil nature soil type testing of soil a...
SOILs.ppt
SOILs.ppt
Soil
Soil
SOIL SCIENCE PDF PPT
SOIL SCIENCE PDF PPT
Mehr von lschmidt1170
How did the magna carta influence the united states bill of rights
How did the magna carta influence the united states bill of rights
lschmidt1170
Sustainable development goals
Sustainable development goals
lschmidt1170
Magna cartas lessons for the me
Magna cartas lessons for the me
lschmidt1170
What is the magna carta and why there is a google doodle telegraph
What is the magna carta and why there is a google doodle telegraph
lschmidt1170
Universal declaration of human rights
Universal declaration of human rights
lschmidt1170
Magna carta and the law of nature
Magna carta and the law of nature
lschmidt1170
King john the most evil monarch in britain's history telegraph
King john the most evil monarch in britain's history telegraph
lschmidt1170
How did the magna carta influence the united states bill of rights
How did the magna carta influence the united states bill of rights
lschmidt1170
Constitution billofrightsfacts
Constitution billofrightsfacts
lschmidt1170
Feudal strength! henry ii and the struggle for royal control in
Feudal strength! henry ii and the struggle for royal control in
lschmidt1170
Constitution
Constitution
lschmidt1170
Bill of rights
Bill of rights
lschmidt1170
A magna carta for the earth oecd observer
A magna carta for the earth oecd observer
lschmidt1170
Denis haley catherine douglas geneaology 1793 to 1989
Denis haley catherine douglas geneaology 1793 to 1989
lschmidt1170
Na map 1 with terms
Na map 1 with terms
lschmidt1170
Introfall 2016 14week
Introfall 2016 14week
lschmidt1170
Fall 2016 syllabus geog 110 71
Fall 2016 syllabus geog 110 71
lschmidt1170
Fall 2016 intro wed
Fall 2016 intro wed
lschmidt1170
Fall 2016 intro mon
Fall 2016 intro mon
lschmidt1170
Fall 2016 geog 101 l syllabus we
Fall 2016 geog 101 l syllabus we
lschmidt1170
Mehr von lschmidt1170
(20)
How did the magna carta influence the united states bill of rights
How did the magna carta influence the united states bill of rights
Sustainable development goals
Sustainable development goals
Magna cartas lessons for the me
Magna cartas lessons for the me
What is the magna carta and why there is a google doodle telegraph
What is the magna carta and why there is a google doodle telegraph
Universal declaration of human rights
Universal declaration of human rights
Magna carta and the law of nature
Magna carta and the law of nature
King john the most evil monarch in britain's history telegraph
King john the most evil monarch in britain's history telegraph
How did the magna carta influence the united states bill of rights
How did the magna carta influence the united states bill of rights
Constitution billofrightsfacts
Constitution billofrightsfacts
Feudal strength! henry ii and the struggle for royal control in
Feudal strength! henry ii and the struggle for royal control in
Constitution
Constitution
Bill of rights
Bill of rights
A magna carta for the earth oecd observer
A magna carta for the earth oecd observer
Denis haley catherine douglas geneaology 1793 to 1989
Denis haley catherine douglas geneaology 1793 to 1989
Na map 1 with terms
Na map 1 with terms
Introfall 2016 14week
Introfall 2016 14week
Fall 2016 syllabus geog 110 71
Fall 2016 syllabus geog 110 71
Fall 2016 intro wed
Fall 2016 intro wed
Fall 2016 intro mon
Fall 2016 intro mon
Fall 2016 geog 101 l syllabus we
Fall 2016 geog 101 l syllabus we
Kürzlich hochgeladen
Artificial Intelligence Chap.5 : Uncertainty
Artificial Intelligence Chap.5 : Uncertainty
Khushali Kathiriya
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
apidays
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor Presentation
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor Presentation
Dropbox
EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 QUARTER 2 REVIEWER
EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 QUARTER 2 REVIEWER
MadyBayot
Apidays New York 2024 - APIs in 2030: The Risk of Technological Sleepwalk by ...
Apidays New York 2024 - APIs in 2030: The Risk of Technological Sleepwalk by ...
apidays
Apidays New York 2024 - The value of a flexible API Management solution for O...
Apidays New York 2024 - The value of a flexible API Management solution for O...
apidays
Mcleodganj Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Mcleodganj Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Deepika Singh
Spring Boot vs Quarkus the ultimate battle - DevoxxUK
Spring Boot vs Quarkus the ultimate battle - DevoxxUK
Jago de Vreede
Introduction to Multilingual Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)
Introduction to Multilingual Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)
Zilliz
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
ThousandEyes
Understanding the FAA Part 107 License ..
Understanding the FAA Part 107 License ..
Christopher Logan Kennedy
Why Teams call analytics are critical to your entire business
Why Teams call analytics are critical to your entire business
panagenda
Introduction to use of FHIR Documents in ABDM
Introduction to use of FHIR Documents in ABDM
Kumar Satyam
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
Jeffrey Haguewood
AI in Action: Real World Use Cases by Anitaraj
AI in Action: Real World Use Cases by Anitaraj
AnitaRaj43
Six Myths about Ontologies: The Basics of Formal Ontology
Six Myths about Ontologies: The Basics of Formal Ontology
johnbeverley2021
AWS Community Day CPH - Three problems of Terraform
AWS Community Day CPH - Three problems of Terraform
Andrey Devyatkin
TrustArc Webinar - Unlock the Power of AI-Driven Data Discovery
TrustArc Webinar - Unlock the Power of AI-Driven Data Discovery
TrustArc
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
DianaGray10
Finding Java's Hidden Performance Traps @ DevoxxUK 2024
Finding Java's Hidden Performance Traps @ DevoxxUK 2024
Victor Rentea
Kürzlich hochgeladen
(20)
Artificial Intelligence Chap.5 : Uncertainty
Artificial Intelligence Chap.5 : Uncertainty
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor Presentation
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor Presentation
EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 QUARTER 2 REVIEWER
EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 QUARTER 2 REVIEWER
Apidays New York 2024 - APIs in 2030: The Risk of Technological Sleepwalk by ...
Apidays New York 2024 - APIs in 2030: The Risk of Technological Sleepwalk by ...
Apidays New York 2024 - The value of a flexible API Management solution for O...
Apidays New York 2024 - The value of a flexible API Management solution for O...
Mcleodganj Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Mcleodganj Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Spring Boot vs Quarkus the ultimate battle - DevoxxUK
Spring Boot vs Quarkus the ultimate battle - DevoxxUK
Introduction to Multilingual Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)
Introduction to Multilingual Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
Understanding the FAA Part 107 License ..
Understanding the FAA Part 107 License ..
Why Teams call analytics are critical to your entire business
Why Teams call analytics are critical to your entire business
Introduction to use of FHIR Documents in ABDM
Introduction to use of FHIR Documents in ABDM
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
AI in Action: Real World Use Cases by Anitaraj
AI in Action: Real World Use Cases by Anitaraj
Six Myths about Ontologies: The Basics of Formal Ontology
Six Myths about Ontologies: The Basics of Formal Ontology
AWS Community Day CPH - Three problems of Terraform
AWS Community Day CPH - Three problems of Terraform
TrustArc Webinar - Unlock the Power of AI-Driven Data Discovery
TrustArc Webinar - Unlock the Power of AI-Driven Data Discovery
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
Finding Java's Hidden Performance Traps @ DevoxxUK 2024
Finding Java's Hidden Performance Traps @ DevoxxUK 2024
Ch12
1.
Chapter 12: Soils McKnight’s
Physical Geography: A Landscape Appreciation, Tenth Edition, Hess
2.
Soils • Soil and
Regolith • Soil Forming Factors • Soil Components • Soil Properties • Soil Chemistry • Soil Profiles • Pedogenic Regimes 2© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.
Soils • Soil Classification •
Distribution of Soils in the United States 3© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
4.
Soil and Regolith •
Thin layer on top of Earth’s crust (about 15 cm deep) • Complex combination of minerals, organisms, gases, liquids, etc. • Nurtures life • Fundamental interface between the four spheres • Regolith—inorganic material that results from rock weathering • Top layer of regolith is different in amount of biochemical weathering 4© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-2
5.
Soil and Regolith •
Surface of lithosphere almost always represented by soil • Soil often recognized by color • Depth also important, but is only obvious when exposed through excavation 5© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-3
6.
Soil-Forming Factors • Geologic
factor – Source of rock fragments in soil is parent material – Nature of parent material influences soil characteristics – Young soils very reflective of the rocks or sediments from which they resulted 6© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Image courtesy of www.albany.edu
7.
Soil-Forming Factors • Climatic
factor – Temperature and moisture significant to soil formation – Chemical and biological processes accelerated by high temperatures and moisture • Topographic factor – Slope and drainage significant (Figure 12-5) – Lowering of top and bottom of soil 7© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-5
8.
Soil-Forming Factors • Biological
Factor – All soils contain some quantity of living organisms – Plant and animal contributions to soil development – Pedoturbation 8© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-6
9.
Soil-Forming Factors • Biological
Factor (cont.) – Earthworms most important • Innumerable tunnels, mixed by water • Crumbly surface • Digestive actions increase porosity and resist raindrops, lessening erosion • Casts excreted by earthworms • Rearrange material in the soil • Nitrification promoted – Microorganisms—enhance biological decay 9© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-7
10.
Soil-Forming Factors • Time
Factor – Soil processes very slow – Length of time needed depends on parent material and environmental characteristics – Soil degradation or erosion can occur in only a few years – From human perception of time, nonrenewable resource 10© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-8
11.
Soil Components • Inorganic
materials – Bulk of most soil is mineral matter in the form of small but macroscopic particles – Half the volume of an average soil is sand or silt – Smallest particles in soil are clay – Clay has colloidal sized particles – Clay attracts cations 11© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-9
12.
Soil Components • Organic
matter – Small percent of soil volume – Living organisms, dead organisms, decomposing or completely decomposed organisms – Rearrange and aerate soil and yield nutrients through waste products – Litter—leaves, twigs, other dead plant parts on soil surface – Humus—black gelatinous organic matter which results from decomposed residues 12© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
13.
Soil Components • Soil
air – Half volume of average soil is pore spaces – Spaces provide interstices among soil particles – Pores half filled with air, half with water 13© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-11
14.
Soil Components • Soil
water – Rainfall, snowfall, groundwater through capillary action – Four types – Gravitational water: infiltration from above, falls down via gravity – Capillary water: moisture which is held on soil particle surfaces by surface tension 14© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-13
15.
Soil Components • Soil
water (cont.) – Hygroscopic water: thin film of moisture bound to soil particles by adhesion – Combined water: held in chemical combination with soil minerals – Field capacity and wilting point – Leaching: water carrying nutrients down in soil – Eluviation and illuviation 15© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-14
16.
Soil Components • Soil-water
budget – Amount of water added by percolation and snowmelt diminished by evapotranspiration – Soil-water balance – In general, cool temperatures mean less evapotranspiration and water surplus, opposite for warm temperatures 16© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-15
17.
Soil Properties • Color –
Soil color occasionally describes nature and capabilities of soil – Stains on particle surfaces – Black/dark brown has large humus content – Red/yellow indicate high iron oxide content – Gray/blue indicate poor drainage 17© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-16
18.
Soil Properties • Texture –
Feel for particle sizes – Separates in size classification groups – Texture triangle (Figure 12-18) • Structure – Particles aggregate into peds – Soil structure types – Porosity and permeability 18© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-18
19.
Soil Chemistry • Colloids –
Particles smaller than one micrometer in diameter – Inorganic consist of clay – Organic consist of humus – Both are chemically active – Have large water storage capacity – Attract ions 19© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-17
20.
Soil Chemistry • Cation
exchange – Attach to negatively charged colloids – Collodial complex – Cation exchange capacity (CEC) – Clay and humus have high CEC activity • Alkalinity – Acid versus base – Alkaline solutions 20© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-20
21.
Soil Profiles • Soil
development expressed in two dimensions—time and depth • Four processes that deepen and age soil – Addition – Loss – Translocation – Transformation 21© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-21
22.
Soil Profiles • Horizons—distinct
layers with different characteristics • Vertical profile from Earth’s surface through soil layers—soil profile • Six primary horizons • Solum • Variations on the profile – Fossil horizon – Hardpan 22© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-22
23.
Pedogenic Regimes • Five
major soil forming regimes • Laterization – Brick red-colored soil – Requires significant annual moisture surplus – Rapid weathering, dissolution, and decomposition – Little humus but adequate nutrients – Latosols 23© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-23
24.
Pedogenic Regimes • Podzolization –
Gray soil – Limited vegetation nutrient requirements – Acidic plant litter – Effective leaching – Podsols • Gleization – Muddy soil – Poor drainage, acidic – Gley soils 24© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
25.
Pedogenic Regimes • Calcification –
Semiarid climates with little leaching – Little percolating water – Different productivity depending on vegetation • Salinization – In semiarid areas, capillary action brings up water – Intense evaporation leaves behind salts on surface – White color to the soil 25© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
26.
Pedogenic Regimes • Climate
and pedogenic regimes 26© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-24
27.
Soil Classification • Soil
classification scheme— Soil Taxonomy – Generic classification, hierarchical system – Highest level: soil order – Diagnostic horizons • Epipedon • Subsurface – Second level: Suborders – Third level: great groups • Scale of order and mapping of the soil taxonomy 27© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
28.
Soil Classification • The
soils of the world 28© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-25
29.
Global Distribution of
Major Soils • 12 major types • Entisols – Little profile development – Due to age or chemical composition • Inceptisols – No diagnostic horizons – Lack of maturity – Common in tundra and floodplains 29© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-27 Figure 12-28
30.
Global Distribution of
Major Soils • 12 major types (cont.) • Andisols – Develop from volcanic ash – Young with dark upper layers • Gelisols – Young soils that develop slowly due to cold conditions – Found in arctic and subarctic regions 30© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-29 Figure 12-30
31.
Global Distribution of
Major Soils • 12 major types (cont.) • Histosols – Organic, saturated continuously • Aridisols – Soils of dry lands – Distribution correlated to desert climate 31© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-31 Figure 12-32
32.
Global Distribution of
Major Soils • 12 major types (cont.) • Vertisols – Little profile development – Due to age or chemical composition • Mollisols – High in humus and cations – Soft when dry – Found in midlatitudes 32© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-33 Figure 12-34
33.
Global Distribution of
Major Soils • 12 major types (cont.) • Alfisols – Subsurface clay horizon – Medium to generous supply of cations, nutrients, and water • Ultisols – Weathered and leached of nutrients – Reddish color – Alfisols degenerate into Utilisols 33© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-35 Figure 12-36
34.
Global Distribution of
Major Soils • 12 major types (cont.) • Spodosols – Illuvial dark layer where organic matter and other elements accumulate – Infertile • Oxisols – Most thoroughly weathered of soils – Vegetation is efficient in cycling limited nutrients 34© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-37 Figure 12-38
35.
Distribution of Soils
in the United States 35© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12-39
36.
Summary • Soil is
a thin layer of organic and inorganic material on top of Earth’s crust • Regolith is inorganic material under soil • There are five primary soil forming factors that give rise to the global distribution of soils • Soil primarily consists of organic and inorganic material, soil water, and soil air • Each soil has unique color, texture, and structure 36© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
37.
Summary • Colloid-cation interaction
is important in soil chemistry • Soil acidity is important in its ability to support plant life • Soil development is expressed in terms of horizontal soil horizons • There are five primary pedogenic regimes that are used to understand the soil-forming processes of different soil types 37© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
38.
Summary • The Soil
Taxonomy allows different soil types to be classified • There are 12 primary soil types, each of which has unique color, texture, and structure • Ten of the 12 primary soil types are observed in the contiguous United States 38© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Jetzt herunterladen