GENERAL PRINCIPLES & COURSE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION

1. Physical Diagnosis &
Therapeutic Skills
Dr. Zishan Hayat

2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES & COURSE OF
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT &
MATURATION

3. Development
• – is defined as a progressive series of orderly,
coherent and life long process of physical,
cognitive, emotional, social, and language
changes throughout the lifespan of an
individual due to nature and nurture.

4. Growth
• – refers to the quantitative changes in the
process of human development.
• It is concerned with changes in size (height,
weight, width, and physiological function),
complexity (cell division and multiplication of
cell within), and proportion (ratio of changes
in different parts of your body).

5. • Changes in size are outcomes of three
underlying cellular processes: (a) an increase
in cell number or hyperplasia; (b) an increase
in cell size or hypertrophy; (c) an increase in
intercellular substances or accretion.

6. Maturation & Learning
• Maturation- refers to genetically programmed,
naturally occurring changes in the course of
human development.
• Learning – is a relatively permanent change in
behavior that occurs as a result of practice or
experience in the interaction with
environment.

7. Aspects of Human Development
• Physical development – refers to changes in the
bodily structures and functions of different body
parts.
• Cognitive development – refers to intellectual
development; it deals with abilities, such as
processing information that includes thinking,
imagination, memorizing, learning, reasoning,
decision making.
• Language development – refers to changes in the
use of speech

8. • Social development – refers to changes in
forming relationships/interaction with others.
• Emotional development – refers to changes in
feelings; causes, and expressions of emotions/
feelings.
• Moral development – refers to changes in
reasoning about “Right” or “Wrong”.
• Gender development – refers to changes in
understanding the roles played by males and
females.

9. Factors Affecting Growth and
Development
• growth and maturation is maintained by a
constant interaction of genes, hormones,
nutrients and other factors.
• Some are hereditary in origin.
• Some are environmental in origin, such as
season, dietary restriction, severe
psychological stress.
• Others are mixture of hereditary and
environmental , such as socio-economic class.

10. Genetic factor
• Expression of genes (internal and external
expression.)
• Eg:- Growth is both genetic and environmental
(spring height growth is fast and autumn
weight growth is fast).

11. Nutritional factor
• Growth is closely related with nutrition.
• An adequate supply of calories is naturally
essential for the normal growth of humans
and the need varies with the phase of
development.
• Malnutrition during childhood delays growth,
and malnutrition in the years preceding
adolescence delays the appearance of the
adolescent spurt.

12. Cultural factor
• Culture differs from ethnic group to ethnic
group.
• The body growth differences correlate with
varied cultural groups.
• The physical growth of the body follows some
adaptations in different geographical areas of
distribution of the groups.

13. Socioeconomic factor
• Children from different socioeconomic levels
differ in average body size at all ages
• The causes of this socio - economic
differences are
– Nutrition
– home conditions
– Size of family

14. Environmental factor
• environmental factors involve the physical
surroundings and geographical conditions of the
place the child lives in, as well his social
environment and relationships with family and
peers.
• A good school and a loving family build in
children strong social and interpersonal skills,
which will enable them to excel in other areas
such as academics and extracurricular activities.
This will, of course, be different for children who
are raised in stressful environments.

15. Principles of Human Development
• These principles tell us that growth an
development occur in particular pattern in
every child.
• There may be some variations related to
activity level or timing of development
(milestones)

16. Development proceeds from head to tail
• This is called the cephalocaudal principle.
• According to this principle, human
development proceeds from the head to the
lower body parts and extremities. The
cephalocaudal principle applies to both
physical and functional development.

17. Development proceeds from the center of the
body outward
• This is the principle of proximodistal
development.
• According to this principle, human
development proceeds from the center of the
body (the proximal region) to the outer body
parts and extremities (distal region).

18. Development depends on maturation and
learning
• Human growth and development are
influenced by both maturation and learning.
Development proceeds from the simple to
complex
• Children perform simple tasks before doing
complex ones. For example, children learn
letters before words.

19. Development is a continuous process
• As a child develops, he or she adds to the skills
already acquired
Development proceeds from the general to
specific
• For example, in motor development, the
infant will be able to grasp an object with the
whole hand before using only the thumb and
forefinger.

20. THANK YOU