2. Philosophical Ethics
Historically, the ethics of peoples has been
based on religion. Morals differ from person
to person and place to place because different
cultures have different religions.
If there is to be a philosophical basis for how
we ought to lead our lives and seek the good
life, this basis probably cannot be founded on
religious.
4. Varieties of Determinism
• Soft Determinism is the theory that human behaviour
and actions are wholly determined by causal events, but
human free will does exist when defined as the capacity
to act according to one's nature (which is shaped by
external factors such as heredity, society and upbringing)
5. Varieties of Determinism
• Hard Determinism (hard or scientific): the philosophical
view that all events (including mental events) have a
cause. In other words, all states of affairs, both physical
and mental, are conditioned by their causes and are
describable by scientific law.
• Implications: In a deterministic universe, there is no free
will, no miracles, and no chance events. Sometimes
mental events or "choices" are considered
epiphenomena. The classic view of determinism was
expressed by Laplace. Given sufficient knowledge of
every particle in the universe, any future event or past
event could be calculated with exactitude.
7. Kinds Of Probabilities
System Of Probabilities
For systems of probability divided into 2:
1) General description of probability which means it is most
likely to occur like calculus knowledge whose calculations
are close to the truth. (Example) of calculating currency
predictions. For example, today the value of the rupiah to
the dollar goes down but in the next two weeks the rupiah
strengthens again.
2) Rules for calculating in calculus and how calculus can be
precise in predicting. Because the success of calculus has
been proven Previous.
8. Kinds Of Probabilities
Essay philosophy is thought that is useful for
knowledge. Examples in making definitions of
science, must refer to philosophy and described
in Essay. This is widely used in artificial
intelligence or AI in the process of making robots
Fatalism is a predetermined event by God that is
unknown to humans.
9. Kinds Of Probabilities
Predeterism is a view that studies events magical or
magical power. For example, many people believe in
supernatural supernatural powers, horoscope or
zodiac sign. But this belief is not fundamental to
reason but only to phenomena.
predestination is God's doctrine for humans in the
events that have happened to humans. For example
a miracle, This cannot be explained by humans.
10. Free Will & Determinism
In this part, we examine the crucial question
of how free, if at all, human choice and
action can be. In the philosophical
literature, persuasive doctrines range from
scientific or hard determinism to complete
and responsibility.
11. The crux of the problem is sometimes related as
the dilemma known as Hume’s Fork responsible
for them as an apple is responsible for falling from
a tree.
Actions are not determined then they must be
random events, but then in that case also I would
responsible for my actions because specific
outcome to a random process cannot be willed or
decided upon.
13. Quotes
• Søren Kierkegaard, Journals, 1837
“It is so impossible for the world to exist without God that if God
could forget it, it would instantly cease to be.”
