About the uniqueness of the species

3. • How
insects
reproduce?

4. Introduction
 The reproductive organs of the insects
are similar in structure and function to
those vertebrates
 Both types of gametes are haploid and
unicellular ,both eggs are larger in
volume than sperm.
 Most insect species reproduce sexually
by internal fertilization

5. Functions of Male Reproductive
System
Production of sperm
Storage of sperm
Delivery of sperm in the female

6. The male ‘s reproductive
system contains a pair of
testes , usually located near
the back of the abdomen.
Each testes is subdivided
into functional units
( follicles) where sperm is
actually produced.
Near the distal end of each
follicle, there are a group of
germ cells (spermatogonia)
that divided by mitosis and
increase in size to form
spermatocytes

7. • These spermatocytes migrate toward the
basal end of the follicle ,pushed along to the
continued cell division of the
spermatogonia.
• Each spermatocytes undergoes meiosis :this
yield for haploid spermatids which develop
into mature spermatozoa as they progress
into along through the follicle.

8. • One or more pairs of
accessory glands are
usually associated with
the males reproductive
system.
• These are secretory
organs that connect the
reproductive system by
means of the short ducts-
some may attached near
the testes, or seminal
vesicles, others maybe
associated with the
ejaculatory duct.

9. 1. Manufacture of seminal fluid, a liquid
medium that sustains and nourishes mature
sperm while they are in the male's genital
system.
The glands have two major functions:
2. Production of spermatophores, pouch-like
structures (mostly protein) that encase the
sperm and protect them as they are delivered
to the female's body during copulation.

10. • Mature sperm pass out of the testes through
short ducts (vasa defferentia) and collect in
storage chambers (seminal vesicles) that are
usually little more than enlarged sections of the
vasa. Similar ducts (vasa deferentia) lead
away from the seminal vesicles, join one
another near the midline of the body, and form
a single ejaculatory duct that leads out of the
body through the male's copulatory organ
(called an aedeagus).

11. The female's reproductive
system contains a pair of
ovaries, accessory glands,
one or more spermathecae,
and ducts connecting these
parts.

12. • Each ovary is
subdivided into
functional units called
ovarioles., where the
eggs actually
produced.
• Near the distal end of
each ovariole, there
are a group of germ
cells (oogonia) that
divide by mitosis and
increase in size to
form oocytes.

13. • Each oocytes undergoes
meiosis: this yield for cells-
one egg and three polar
bodies.
• The polar bodies may
disintegrate or they may
accompany the egg as the
nurse cell.
• As developing eggs move
down the ovariole,they grow
in size by absorbing yolk
• Mature eggs leaves the
ovaries through short
lateral oviducts.

14. • Near the midline of the body,
these lateral oviducts joint to
form a common oviduct which
open into a genital chamber
called the bursa copulatrix.
• Female accessory glands (one or
more pairs) supply lubricants
for the reproductive system and
secret a protein –rich egg
cell(chorion) that sorrounds the
entire egg.
• These glands are usually
connected by small ducts or
the common oviduct or the
bursa copulatrix.

15. • During copulation, the male deposits his
spermatophore in the bursa copulatrix.
• Peristaltic contractions force the
spermatophore into females spermatheca.
• A spermathecal gland produces an enzyme
(for digesting the protein coat of the
spermatophore ) and nutrients ( for
sustaining the sperm while they are in
storage).
• Sperm may live in the spermatheca for
weeks ,months or even a year.

16. • During ovulation ,each egg passes across the
opening to the spermatheca and stimulates
release of a sperm onto the egg surface.
• Fertilization occurs as soon as one sperm ‘s
nucleus fuses with the egg cell’s nucleus.
• Oviposition (egg laying) usually follow s
closely after fertilization.
• Once these process are complete ,the egg is
ready to begin embryonic development.

17. Types of Reproduction
• Paedogenesis
-reproduction by larval insects.
• Parthenogenesis
- development without fertilization
- unfertilized eggs produced:
*males
*females
*both
• Polyembryony

18. Mating
• Monogamous
- when females of
some species are
essentially mate ones.
• Polygamous
- when female
insects mate several to
many times.

22. •How
earthworm
reproduce?

23. Earthworms
-reproduce sexually. They cannot reproduce
asexually.
-they are hermaphrodite (monoecious) both
ovaries and testes are found in the same
individual.
-they are protandrous, the male sex cells
mature much earlier than the female cells,
therefore, self-fertilization is not possible..

24. Male Reproductive
System
The male reproductive system
comprises testes, testis sacs, seminal
vesicle, vasa deferentia, prostate gland
and accessory glands.

25. Female Reproductive
System
• The female reproductive
organs are ovaries, oviducal
funnels, oviducts and
spermathecae.

26. I already told you about my
clitellum, that whitish band near
my anterior (head) end. It forms
when I am about 4 to 6 weeks old.
It has both male and female
reproductive organs. (That means I
am neither a boy or girl, I am both).

27. When mating, another worm and I join
together with heads pointing in opposite directions.
Sperm is passed from one worm to the other and
stored in sacs. Then a cocoon forms on each of us
on our clitellum. As we back out of the narrowing
cocoons, eggs and sperm are deposited in the
cocoon.

28. After we back out, the cocoon closes and
fertilization takes place. The cocoons are much
smaller than a grain of rice and are yellow-
colored. Each cocoon can have 1-5 worms. If
conditions are not right for hatching, such as
dryness, my cocoons can be dormant for years and
hatch when conditions are right.

29. My babies will hatch in 2-3 weeks. The new
baby worms are whitish, and you can practically
see through them (but I think they are beautiful,
just like any parent). My babies are only 1/2 to one
inch long. They are on their own as soon as they are
born. In about six weeks, they will produce their
own baby worms. I'll be a grandparent and the
cycle starts all over again.

30. How do earthworms reproduce and what is
their life cycle?

33. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_reproducti
ve_system
http://passscience.blogspot.com/2010/09/rep
roductive-system-of-earthworm.html
http://classes.uofk.edu/file.php/707/The_Repr
oductive_System_of_Insects.pdf
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/libra
ry/tutorials/internal_anatomy/reproductive.ht
ml