masonry

1. MATERIAL & COSTRUCTIONMATERIAL & COSTRUCTION
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,MSRITDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,MSRIT
MASONRYMASONRY
PRESENTED BY
3rd
sem CIVIL ENGINEERING

3. masonrymasonry
MasonryMasonry is the building of structures from individualis the building of structures from individual
units laid in and bound together byunits laid in and bound together by mortarmortar; the term; the term
masonrymasonry can also refer to the units themselves. Thecan also refer to the units themselves. The
common materials of masonry construction arecommon materials of masonry construction are
BrickBrick
StoneStone
MarbleMarble
GraniteGranite
LimestoneLimestone
Cast StoneCast Stone
Concrete BlockConcrete Block
Glass blockGlass block
Stucco, and Tile.Stucco, and Tile.

4. Masonry - Primary Uses TodayMasonry - Primary Uses Today
 Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)
Foundation WallsFoundation Walls
Structural Support Walls (low rise)Structural Support Walls (low rise)
Backup Walls for Exterior FacingBackup Walls for Exterior Facing
 Brick & StoneBrick & Stone
Facing Materials - VeneersFacing Materials - Veneers
Decorative WallsDecorative Walls

5. ApplicationsApplications
 Masonry is commonly used for theMasonry is commonly used for the walls ofwalls of
buildingsbuildings,, retaining wallsretaining walls andand monumentsmonuments..
 Brick and concrete block are the most commonBrick and concrete block are the most common
types of masonry in use in industrialized nationstypes of masonry in use in industrialized nations
and may be either weight-bearing or aand may be either weight-bearing or a veneerveneer..
 Concrete blocks, especially those with hollowConcrete blocks, especially those with hollow
cores, offer various possibilities in masonrycores, offer various possibilities in masonry
construction. They generally provide greatconstruction. They generally provide great
compressive strength, and are best suited tocompressive strength, and are best suited to
structures with light transverse loading when thestructures with light transverse loading when the
cores remain unfilled. Filling some or all of thecores remain unfilled. Filling some or all of the
cores with concrete or concrete with steelcores with concrete or concrete with steel
reinforcement (typically rebar) offers muchreinforcement (typically rebar) offers much
greater tensile and lateral strength to structuresgreater tensile and lateral strength to structures

6. Solid WallsSolid Walls
 Masonry units laid close togetherMasonry units laid close together
with all joints filled solidly withwith all joints filled solidly with
mortar. Solid walls are structurallymortar. Solid walls are structurally
bonded by metal ties, masonrybonded by metal ties, masonry
headers or by joint reinforcement.headers or by joint reinforcement.
Where solid masonry walls are used,Where solid masonry walls are used,
insulation and mechanical equipmentinsulation and mechanical equipment
are often installed within a furredare often installed within a furred
space on the interior side of the wall.space on the interior side of the wall.
Below grade, insulation is oftenBelow grade, insulation is often
placed on the exterior side of theplaced on the exterior side of the
wall.wall.

7. Veneered WallsVeneered Walls
 Masonry is used as a facing material.Masonry is used as a facing material.
In this case, the masonry does notIn this case, the masonry does not
act structurally. It serves to performact structurally. It serves to perform
as a weather barrier and as a finishas a weather barrier and as a finish
material. Insulation and mechanicalmaterial. Insulation and mechanical
equipment is normally locatedequipment is normally located
between studs.between studs.

8. Reinforced Masonry WallsReinforced Masonry Walls
 Similar to a reinforced concrete wall,Similar to a reinforced concrete wall,
a reinforced masonry walla reinforced masonry wall
incorporates steel to provideincorporates steel to provide
resistance to tension, shear, andresistance to tension, shear, and
compression forces. Reinforcing barscompression forces. Reinforcing bars
are placed vertically in walls and tiedare placed vertically in walls and tied
to horizontal bars. Insulation andto horizontal bars. Insulation and
mechanical equipment is placedmechanical equipment is placed
similar to that in a solid wallsimilar to that in a solid wall

9. Cavity WallsCavity Walls
 A cavity wall is composed of twoA cavity wall is composed of two
wythes of either solid or hollowwythes of either solid or hollow
masonry separated by a continuousmasonry separated by a continuous
air space, and bonded together withair space, and bonded together with
metal ties or joint reinforcement. Themetal ties or joint reinforcement. The
cavity offers important advantages incavity offers important advantages in
areas of severe exposure:areas of severe exposure:

10. Cavity WallsCavity Walls
 The continuous air space providesThe continuous air space provides
insulation value and a placeinsulation value and a place
 where additional insulation may bewhere additional insulation may be
installed.installed.
 The continuous air space acts as aThe continuous air space acts as a
barrier to moisture penetration.barrier to moisture penetration.
 In cavity walls, insulation andIn cavity walls, insulation and
mechanical equipment are oftenmechanical equipment are often
 installed within the cavity, or withininstalled within the cavity, or within
a furred space on the interior of thea furred space on the interior of the
wall.wall.

11. MORTARMORTAR
Mortar is a pasty material formed by the addition of water to
a mixture composed of an aggregate (sand) and a
binding material (cement or lime) which may be
handled with a trowel. The mortar units the individual
bricks together. Generally, following types of mortar are
in use,
o Mud mortar
o Cement mortar
o Lime mortar
o Cement lime mortar
Mud mortar is used for the temporary construction.
Cement mortar is used for permanent structures. In
order to select a suitable type of mortar for a given
construction, we must know the type of desired finish,
the magnitude and nature of super-imposed load, the
effect of weathering agencies and the importance of
structure.

12.  Brick masonry is construction in whichBrick masonry is construction in which
uniform units (“bricks”), small enough to beuniform units (“bricks”), small enough to be
placed with one hand, are laid in coursesplaced with one hand, are laid in courses
with mortar joints to form walls. Bricks arewith mortar joints to form walls. Bricks are
kiln baked from various clay and shalekiln baked from various clay and shale
mixtures. The chemical and physicalmixtures. The chemical and physical
characteristics of the ingredients varycharacteristics of the ingredients vary
considerably. These characteristics and theconsiderably. These characteristics and the
kiln temperatures combine to produce brickkiln temperatures combine to produce brick
in a variety of colors and harnesses.in a variety of colors and harnesses.
BrickBrick MasonryMasonry

13. Brick house

18. Brick Positions:Brick Positions:
StretcherStretcher
HeaderHeader
SoldierSoldier
ShinerShiner
RowlockRowlock
SailorSailor

19. Course: Continuous layerCourse: Continuous layer
Wythe: Continuous vertical sectionWythe: Continuous vertical section

20. Basic BrickworkTerminologyBasic BrickworkTerminology
Bed
Joint
Head
Joint
Course - horizontal layer of brickCourse - horizontal layer of brick

21. Basic BrickworkBasic Brickwork
TerminologyTerminology
Header - Bonds two wythes together
Wythe: vertical layer 1 unit thick
Soldier - Laid on its end, face parallel
Rowlock -
laid on face,
end visible
Stretcher - long dimension horizontal
& face parallel to the wall

22.  Molding processMolding process
 ColorColor
 SizeSize
 GradeGrade
 TypeType
Considerations in Choosing BrickConsiderations in Choosing Brick

23. Brick JointsBrick Joints
 WEATHEREDWEATHERED
 CONCAVECONCAVE
 VEEVEE
 FLUSHFLUSH
 RAKEDRAKED
 STRIPPEDSTRIPPED
 STRUCKSTRUCK

24. Joint Color that “Blends” w/ Brick Color

25. Concave Joints

27. Flush Joints

28. Racked Joints

30.  Layout & LeadsLayout & Leads
 LineLine

31. Stationary Scaffolding

32. Tooling Joints

33. Cleaning Masonry

35. BRICK’S BONDINGBRICK’S BONDING
 Stretcher BondStretcher Bond
 English BondEnglish Bond
 Flemish BondFlemish Bond
 Raking BondRaking Bond
 English Garden Wall BondEnglish Garden Wall Bond
 Common / American BondCommon / American Bond
 Flemish Garden Wall BondFlemish Garden Wall Bond
 Running BondRunning Bond
 Herringbone BondHerringbone Bond

36. Bonding in brickwork in an arrangement of bricks,Bonding in brickwork in an arrangement of bricks,
usually overlapping between courses in order tousually overlapping between courses in order to
distribute load and provide stability. Bonding can alsodistribute load and provide stability. Bonding can also
be used for decorative purposes. In generalbe used for decorative purposes. In general
brickwork should not be less than quarter bonded.brickwork should not be less than quarter bonded.
BondBond
Brick bond

37. HeaderHeader
A brick which is laid inA brick which is laid in
a way that only thea way that only the
short end is visible inshort end is visible in
the wallthe wall
StretcherStretcher
A brick which is laidA brick which is laid
in a way that allowsin a way that allows
only the longer sideonly the longer side
of the brick to beof the brick to be
exposed.exposed.

38. Stretcher BondStretcher Bond
Easiest bond to lay & minimizes the amount ofEasiest bond to lay & minimizes the amount of
cutting required Originally used for single brickcutting required Originally used for single brick
walls, now called 1/2 brick walls it became thewalls, now called 1/2 brick walls it became the
obvious choice for cavity walls as less cuttingobvious choice for cavity walls as less cutting
was required.was required.

39. English BondEnglish Bond
Alternative courses of headers andAlternative courses of headers and
stretchers; one header placed centrally abovestretchers; one header placed centrally above
each stretcher.each stretcher.
This is a very strong bond when the wall is 1This is a very strong bond when the wall is 1
brick thick(or thicker).brick thick(or thicker).
One of the strongest brickwork bondOne of the strongest brickwork bond
patterns.patterns.

40. Flemish BondFlemish Bond
Alternate bricks are placed as header andAlternate bricks are placed as header and
stretcher in every course. Each header isstretcher in every course. Each header is
placed centrally between the stretcherplaced centrally between the stretcher
immediately above and bellow. This is notimmediately above and bellow. This is not
as strong as the English bond at 1 brickas strong as the English bond at 1 brick
thick. Can be successfully applied in cavitythick. Can be successfully applied in cavity
wall.wall.

41. Raking BondRaking Bond
Herringbone and diagonal bonds can beHerringbone and diagonal bonds can be
effective within an exposed framedeffective within an exposed framed
construction, or contained withinconstruction, or contained within
restraining brick courses.restraining brick courses.

42. English Garden Wall BondEnglish Garden Wall Bond
An alternative version of English bondAn alternative version of English bond
with header courses being inserted atwith header courses being inserted at
every fourth or sixth course. This is aevery fourth or sixth course. This is a
correspondingly weaker bond. Suitablecorrespondingly weaker bond. Suitable
for free standing wall.for free standing wall.

43. Common/ American BondCommon/ American Bond
A brickwork pattern in which all rowsA brickwork pattern in which all rows
are stretchers, except an eighth row ofare stretchers, except an eighth row of
headersheaders

44. Flemish Garden Wall BondFlemish Garden Wall Bond
In this variant of Flemish bond, oneIn this variant of Flemish bond, one
header is placed at every third stretcherheader is placed at every third stretcher

45. Running BondRunning Bond
Consist of all stretchers no headerConsist of all stretchers no header
used in this bond so metal ties areused in this bond so metal ties are
used Cavity wall construction &used Cavity wall construction &
veneered walls of brick.veneered walls of brick.

46. Herringbone BondHerringbone Bond
It is a purely decorative bond.It is a purely decorative bond.
It is used in floor and wall panels.It is used in floor and wall panels.

47. Header BondHeader Bond
A masonry bond consisting of header
courses exclusively. Header bond
was sometimes used to help make a
building look bigger. Civic buildings
and the odd town-house can be
found in Header bond. It's also used
where there is a lot of ornamental
detail, presumably to avoid a lot of
unsightly and costly cutting.

48.  Herringbone and diagonal bonds can beHerringbone and diagonal bonds can be
effective within an exposed framedeffective within an exposed framed
construction, or contained withinconstruction, or contained within
restraining brick courses.restraining brick courses.
Racking BondRacking Bond

49.  Brick Wall CrackBrick Wall Crack

50.  Brick Wall Failure At The Roof LevelBrick Wall Failure At The Roof Level

51.  Cracked WallCracked Wall

52.  Failure In Brick WallFailure In Brick Wall