first submission

1. Portable Lighting Equipment
Introduction
In this report I will investigate and explain the different types of lightning.
This report can be useful to improve your knowledge as it will help you to understand
more about the different types of lighting equipment.
Redheads are portable opened faced tungsten lights which have a
bare light bulb in a reflector with no lenses. Their power rate is 800
watts in output light.
Redheads are used to create hard light that casts hard shadows.
They can be used as a key flood light for large areas and are also
often used as a fill/backlights.
The reason why people really like redhead’s lights is because they
are very cheap and they also give off a lot of light. The price range
of a redhead is from £125 to £200.
Redheads were designed in the 70’s to operate high temperatures and they were are also well
suitable to work in small spaces. They were named” ‘redheads” because they were always red
in colour but in our days the blue colour was also fabricated and is also often used. They are
seen as very difficult light sources to control and they tend to be a little over-powered.
These type of lights are very efficient which run very hot and the bulb tends to have a short
life period which requires to be replaced when it stops working and that turns out being
expensive.
A Blonde light is a compact light weight multipurpose floodlight. They’re
called blondes because of their colour which was always yellow
They are bigger than the classic 800 watts redhead. The power rate of a
blonde light can be 1000 to 200 watts,referring to 2000 watts open face
unit. These type of lights are used for lightning large areas. Blondes are
designed to operate high temperature,like the redheads they work really
well with only 4 barn doors to help shape the light.
The price range of a blond light is from £225 to £400 per unit.
Practical’s are the light sources that are visible as models within the scene.
There are loads of indoor practical lights such as lamps, light fixtures,
television sets and many more. There are also outdoors practical lights as
street lamps, vehicle headlights and taillights etc. when using a practical light
it is good to light up the source itself and then light the surrounding set as if
the lamp is casting the subject.

2. A reflector board is also known as plane reflectors, flats or even bounce boards which
are specialised to reflect the surface used to direct the light toward the subject.
On refactor boards the light is reflected off its own surface to
control shadows and highlights, they have a very low
reflective factor that changes according to the surface texture
and also colour.
Reflectors are also often used to control contrast in natural
lighting and also artificial lighting. When placing the
reflectors close to the light source the lighting effect increases.
The most common reflector used is the traditional umbrella reflector which faces
away the subject and provides a soft illumination as the lamp faces away from the
scene allowing the light to be reflected.
Scrims are useful tools for cutting down the output of a light, without effecting the
quality of it. They are metal wire discs that fit in front of the light. They are seen as
colour safe as they cut down the output without changing the colour or diffusing it.
They come in different strengths based on the tightness of the
screen wave.
They are used when the colour is the way the technician wishes to
be and when the subject needs less intensity while keeping
everything the same.
There are different types of scrims and each one of them has its
purposes.
There are half scrims which only covers half of the light surface and making the other
half open.
A graduated scrimhas a thicker layer of screens in one of the sides and thinner on
the other.
This provides a full output light on one side and dims which means it gets warmer on
the other side. When light diffuses it gets softer.
A gobo is a physical template that is placed in from of the light that which helps to
control the shape of the light emitted. Gobos are often used with
stage lighting instruments and also in television programs, their
function is to manipulate the light of the space or object.
Gobos is the term used for any device that produces patterns of
shadow and lights.
They can be used with projectors and light sources to create
lighting scenes.
There are two main types of gobos, steel and glass.
Steel gobos are very basic as they usually have short life span and
they are described as ‘black and white’.
Glass gobos have a longer life span and they are described as ‘coloured’.

3. Gobos provide a better visual image to the audience.
They can also be used to create patterns and shapes to support a theme
Flood lights are high intensity lights that are used
outside as they are used to illuminate large areas.
They are often used in to illuminate fields when a
match is taking place. This is an advantage when it
comes to filming live as the light gives a good
quality image. Floodlights are also used as stage
lights in live performance. Floods are required in
stadiums as they allow the game to take place outside which is an advantage for the
television marketing.
Floodlights are really different in relative to other type of lights as they are used
outdoors therefore they need to last longer and be adapted to the weather conditions.
This type of flood are called outdoor flood lights that are made with a durable metal.
There are also other basic floodlights made for regular outdoor usage which are made
of a less durable plastic but they are also adapted to the weather conditions.
Floodlights uses CLF halogen or LED bulbs.CLF are lights less common as they are
more brittle and they have a shorter lifetime than LED diodes. LED as the most
popular type of bulbs as they are more efficient and a lot cheaper.
Spotlight are used indoors and outdoor events but they
are a lot smaller than floodlights. They are great to
illuminating a specific spot but they cannot be used to
illuminate large areas. They project a bright light onto
the area which is controlled by a spotlight operator
who follows the people around the stage.
Spotlight are common used in performances
.Spotlights are arranged in a variety of patterns, they
are aimed at the stage and located at the back.
Some spotlight that produce colour charges to create different effects.
Soft lighting the light that casts around the object. Soft light happens when the light
source is large in relative to the subject which is the opposite when it comes to hard
light sources as they are small in relative to the subject.
The type of light produced depends on the distance ass the closer the light source the
softer it becomes and also the size of the light source as the larger the light source the
softer it becomes. The softness of the light source can be determined by the angle
which is in between the object that it’s being illuminated and the length of the source,
as the image gets softer as when the angle is larger. Soft light is a popular light source
often used in cinematography as they cast shadows and make
the subject appear with a good quality.
Hard light is source of light that creates shadows with sharp
edges. They are generated from small point-sources of light that
focusses the beam and creates a sharp harsh shadow in the
subject.

4. Key light is the most important light for a cinematographer when it comes to lighting
set up.
The purpose of key light is to highlight the dimension of the subject. The key light is
not requirement as when omitting light it results in a silhouette effect.
Key light can be place at different points in a scene to illuminate a moving object.
Key light can he hard or soft which depends on the angle it was placed.
Three-point-lighting is the most common set up as the key light is placed 30-to 60
degrees. The key light can be placed high or low in a horizontal positions producing
different lighting effect. The most common vertical position for the key light is at 30
degrees above the eye line.
Key light results in a high contrast scene, when the background in not illuminated.
Fill light are used to reduce the contrast of a scene to match the dynamic range of the
subject. They can reflect the existing light
Fill light can also transmit a hard light to the environment as they can provide a
negative fill.
Back light is the process of illumination from the back. This process creates a glowing
effect on the edges of the subject while the rest are darker. It can be classified as a
hard light or an artificial source of light. The back light can also be called as hair or
shoulder light as when it comes to lighting a character the backlight makes the edges
of the subject glow. Backlights help to separate the subject from the background.
Directional lighting is when the light is pointing to a specific
direction as the light travels in a specific direction. This
provides an overall illumination of the subject which is
provided by a strong light source. Directional lighting is an
important part of a successful lighting scheme.
There are different types of directional lighting such as:
 Accent lighting
 Recessed down lighting
 Track lighting
Accent lighting is the most common form of directional lighting which creates drama
and also set the mood of the subject. Accent lights usually have small openings of 3 to
5 inches to create a more focused light.
Recessed down lights are lights that are installed in house ceilings. They are often
aimed downwards as it says on the name.
This is an advantage as it provides good illumination to the area. They are lights that
often have a commercial look.
Tracking lighting is one of the most flexible forms of directional lighting. They are
installed into the ceilings and track heads slide into place. The heads of the light can

5. be moved and aimed to different directions. They are often used in galleries, living
rooms as they are sources often used as residential lighting.
Daylight 5600k
Light comes in different colours. The daylight is one of the
most common colour temperatures often found on a film set.
Daylight and tungsten contain every colour in a visual
spectrum but the daylight is much stronger on the blue end.
Daylight’s colour temperature measures at 5600k.
Tungsten
Tungsten is a light bulb created by running an electric current
through a tungsten filament. The filament of the light bulb
glows and the light is produced. On a video when the light is
not balanced it often tends to be orange, therefore it is
important to always white balance the camera after the lights
being set up in order to provide the correct rich colours
Finally here are some explanation of the temperature that
light provide
The colour variation is known as the colour temperature
which is measured in degree kelvin. There are different scale
ranges for every light source.
At high temperatures the image becomes bluer and shoot in conditions below the 5500
temperature which will increase in the colour orange. The colour don’t just represent daylight
conditions but they also introduce a colour cast with brighter lights which areoften green and
tungsten lighting which will be yellow and the flash becomes slightly bluer.