Cell Structure, Cell Parts, Bacteria, Gram Positive Gram Negative, Viruses: The images have big font size and reduced background color. Useful for smartphones, classroom and printouts. The rest is standard stuff.

1. Molecular Biology 1-2
put together by: Linda Fahlberg-Stojanovska
Disclaimer: I put these together for my kid for his smartphone.
However, I found most images had very small type and increased the
font size. I am posting it because another teacher might find this useful.
The sources are given.
If I have used anything illegally, write me and I will take it off.
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2. Contents
• Cell Structure - Eukaryotes
• Cell Parts - Eukaryotes
• Bacteria
– Gram Positive / Negative
• Viruses

3. Eukaryote Cell
3
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/cell.html

4. Eukaryote
4
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/animals/cell/

5. Eukaryote
5
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/cell/

6. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
6
http://endoplasmicreticulum.net/

7. Golgi apparatus (GA)
• Like a post office - it packages and labels items
and then sends to different parts of the cell.
• It primarily modifies proteins from the rough ER
• transport of lipids
• creation of lysosomes
• creation of polysacharides
• Modify, sort, and store macromolecules
for cell secretion (exocytosis)
In glandular (secretion) cells > 100 GA.
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8. Golgi apparatus (GA)
8
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_er.html

9. Golgi apparatus (GA)
9
http://creationrevolution.com/2010/11/golgi-apparatus-steel-industry-of-the-simple-cell-%E2%80%93-part-6/

10. Mitochondria- animals Chloroplast - plant
Mitochondria = organelles that produce energy ATP
• Both plants and animals have mitochondria, but
plants produce ATP in their chloroplasts.
• signaling,
• cellular differentiation,
• control of cell cycle; cell growth and death,
• Mitochondria have a double membrane
• Outer is relatively smooth; Inner is very convoluted
• The membrane proteins are part of cellular
respiration and the synthesis of compounds, they are
energy dense with ATP adenosintriphosphate).
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11. Mitochondria- animals Chloroplast - plant
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion

12. Chloroplast - plant Mitrochondria – animal
Chloroplasts are organelles
• found in plant cells
• conduct photosynthesis , that is the chemical
process that converts carbon dioxide into
organic compounds, especially sugars, using
the energy from sunlight.
• capture light energy to conserve free energy
in the form of ATP.
• are green because they contain the
chlorophyll pigment.
• are members of a class of organelles known
as plastids.
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13. Chloroplast - plant Mitrochondria – animal
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http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/chloroplasts

14. Lysosome - animal Vacuoles – plant
• Lysosomes are organelles
• They contain acid hydrolase enzymes.
hydrolase is a digestive enzyme that catalyzes the
hydrolysis of a chemical bond (breaks down polymers).
• Lysosomes break down waste
materials and cellular debris.
• Lysosomes also digest food particles,
and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
• The membrane around a lysosome
allows the digestive enzymes to work at
the 4.5 pH they require.
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http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_lysosome.html

15. Lysosome - animal
Phagocytosis
Lysosome digesting food
15
http://apbio-werle.wikispaces.com/Cell+and+Cell+Transport+%28Ch+6-7%29

16. Vacuoles - plant Lysosomes – animals
• Vacuoles are large, liquid-filled organelles found
only in plant cells, occupying up to 90% of a cell's
volume and have a single membrane.
Vacuole
• Their main function is as a
space-filler in the cell but
they also perform digestive
functions similar to
lysosomes.
16
http://www.biologycorner.com/APbiology/cellular/notes_cells2.html

17. Plasma membrane = Cell membrane
• The cell membrane or plasma membrane is a biological
membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the
outside environment.
• Cell membrane is semi-permeable (selectively
permeable) to ions and organic molecules and controls the
movement of substances in and out of cells.
• It consists of the lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
• Cell membranes serve as the attachment surface for the
cell wall, glycocalyx, and intracellular cytoskeleton.
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18. Plasma membrane = Cell membrane
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19. Cytoskeleton
• The cytoskeleton
(CSK) is a cellular
"skeleton" made out of
protein. It is within a
cell's cytoplasm.
• Eukaryotic cells contain
3 main kinds of
cytoskeletal filaments:
– microfilaments,
– intermediate filaments
– microtubules.
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http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellstructure/intracellularcomponents/section1.rhtml

20. 20

21. Bacteria Cell Prokaryote
21
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure

22. Bacteria
• Bacteria are divided into two major groups:
Gram-negative and Gram-positive
• Gram-negative bacteria
– Inner membrane
– Thin layer of peptidoglycan in periplasmic space
– Outer membrane = lipopolysaccharide + protein
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23. Bacteria
• Bacteria are divided into two major groups:
Gram-negative and Gram-positive
• Bacteria come in 4 basic shapes:
– Baccilli (rod )
– Cocci (spherical)
– Spirilli (spiral)
– Vibrios (comma)
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24. Bacteria - Shapes
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http://www.biotopics.co.uk/microbes/bacter.html

25. Bacteria – Gram Staining
• Gram-negative bacteria
– Inner membrane
– Thin layer of peptidoglycan in periplasmic space
– Outer membrane = lipopolysaccharide + protein
• Gram-positive bacteria
– Inner membrane
– Thick layer of peptidoglycan called 'wall' (causes staining)
– No outer membrane (usually)
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26. Bacteria – Gram Staining
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http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/micro229/terry/images/micro/gramposneg.gif

27. Bacteria – Gram Staining
• Steps in Gram Staining
– heat fix a smear of bacterial culture
– apply a primary stain of crystal violet
– add Gram’s iodine solution to bind crystal violet in the cell
– rapid decolorization with alcohol or acetone
Gram-positive cells are stained deep purple.
– counterstain with safranin
Gram-negative cells are stained red.
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28. Bacteria – Gram Staining
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http://pathmicro.med.sc.edu/fox/culture.htm

29. Bacteria – Gram Staining
• Reagents of Gram Staining
– Crystal violet (primary stain)
– Gram's Iodine solution
(mordant that fixes crystal violet to cell wall)
– Decolorizer (e.g. ethanol)
– Safranin (secondary stain)
– Water (preferably in a squirt bottle)
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30. Bacteria – Gram Staining
• How Gram Staining Works
– 2. Gram's iodine solution (iodine and potassium iodide) is
added to form a complex between the crystal violet and iodine.
This complex is a larger molecule than the original crystal violet
stain and iodine and is insoluble in water.
– 3. decolorizer dehydrates the peptidoglycan layer, shrinking
and tightening it. The large crystal violet-iodine complex is
trapped in the thick peptidoglycan layer of Gram positive
bacteria and stained.
– Conversely, the thin peptidoglycan layer of Gram negative cells
cannot hold the crystal violet-iodine complex and the color
(stain) is washed out and lost.
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31. Virus
Virus particles (virions)
•genetic material (DNA or RNA segment)
•capsid (protein coat that protects these genes)
•envelope (of lipids) (some virions)
Flu virus
http://www.abc.net.au/health/library/stories/2004/07/08/1831345.htm
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http://www.synapses.co.uk/science/fluvirus.html

32. Virus - Bacteriophage
• The Capsid – Head. It is
protein coat around nucleic
acid. Capsid is divided into
subunits called capsomeres.
• The Body - Rod shaped
structure has retractible sheath
around a central hollow core.
• The Tails – At end of core is
spiked plate with 6 tail fibers
which help anchor the virus to its
host.
32
http://www.armageddononline.org/viruses.html