Lattice Energy LLC-Addendum to May 19 2012 Technical Overview-1927 Caltech Experiments-May 26 2012

Commercializing a next-generation source of valuable stable elements

Lattice Energy LLC
Low Energy Neutron Reactions (LENRs)

Addendum to May 19, 2012 Technical Overview
regarding a WLT Tungsten

74 W180-seed LENR neutron-catalyzed
transmutation network: Pb → Hg ; Bi → Tl
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-lenr-transmutation-networks-can-produce-goldmay-19-2012

Lewis Larsen
President and CEO
Lattice Energy LLC
May 26, 2012

In above LENR network, unstable isotopes of Lead and Bismuth will spontaneously transmute
into unstable isotopes of Mercury and Thallium, respectively, which could be detected
Apparently observed by L. Thomassen in experimental work for his PhD at Caltech in 1927

Unstable 82Pb210 Transmutations Unstable 83Bi210
Half-life = ~22.2 years Half-life = ~5 days

Lead Bismuth

Alpha decay Alpha decay

Mercury Thallium

Unstable 80Hg206 Unstable 81Tl206
Half-life = ~8.2 minutes Half-life = ~4.2 minutes

May 26, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved


Lattice Energy LLC

In hypothetical LEN R network, unstable isotopes of Lead and Bismuth will spontaneously
transmute into unstable isotopes of Mercury and Thallium, respectively, which could be detected

Documents:
“Low Energy Neutron Reactions (LENRs): in theory, neutron-catalyzed
LENR transmutations can produce Gold; already observed
experimentally; may also occur naturally in the earth --- Might process
be scalable and economic; if so, what are long-term implications for
Gold price?”
Lewis Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC [66 PowerPoint slides – not peer-
reviewed]
May 19, 2012 --- published on SlideShare.net
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llc-lenr-transmutation-
networks-can-produce-goldmay-19-2012

“The Transmutation of Elements”
Lars Thomassen
PhD Thesis, Caltech
August 1927 [totals 21 pages – copy is included within this document]
http://thesis.library.caltech.edu/843/1/Thomassen_l_1927.pdf

Somewhat shorter version of Thomassen’s PhD thesis was eventually
published as a peer-reviewed journal paper:
“Transmutation of Elements”
L. Thomassen [acknowledged input from R. Millikan, Nobel Prize 1923]
Physical Review 33 pp. 229 – 238 (1929)
Unstable 81Tl206
http://authors.library.caltech.edu/2524/1/THOpr29.pdf
Half-life = ~4.2 minutes



Lattice Energy LLC

Documents:
“Discovery of the thallium, lead, bismuth, and polonium isotopes”
C. Fry and M. Thoennessen
Cornell physics preprint archive
January 21, 2012 [totals 50 pages]
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1201.4474v1.pdf

Fig. 3: Lead isotopes as a function of time when they were discovered. The different production methods are indicated.

Unstable 81Tl206
Source of Figure is above-cited preprint = ~4.2 minutes
Half-life



Lattice Energy LLC

In hypothetical LEN R network, unstable isotopes of Lead and Bismuth will spontaneously
transmute into unstable isotopes of Mercury and Thallium, respectively, which could be detected

Brief comments on Thomassen’s ca. 1927 experiments:

 Please note, existence of the neutron was not truly verified for another 5 years (Chadwick, 1932), so
the concept of neutron-catalyzed nuclear transmutation reactions was unknown to researchers at
that point in time. Although Rutherford had discovered beta-minus decay in 1899, it was not at all
understood until Fermi published his seminal theory papers on subject of beta-decay in 1934

 Although Pb210 had been discovered in 1900 and Bi210 in 1905, Tl206 was only first discovered in
1935 and Hg206 not until 1961 (for a history of Mercury isotopes see
http://www.nscl.msu.edu/~thoennes/2009/mercury-adndt.pdf ); so Thomassen and other
contemporary researchers of that era would have been unaware of possibility that some of the
alpha-decay paths into unstable Mercury and Thallium isotopes that are known today, 85 years later

 Please note Thomassen’s frequent comments about experimentalists having great difficulty in
repeating experimental results in transmutation experiments; does that gnarly, contentious issue of
adequate experimental reproducibility sound familiar? Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose!

 Thomassen and his contemporaries had no idea or clue whatsoever that the Mercury and Thallium
transmutation products they were attempting to observe and measure were in fact relatively short-
lived isotopes (please see LENR network diagrams and isotope half-life data provided therein)

 Spectroscopic analytical techniques can reveal the presence of reasonable quantities of new
elements (and even short-lived unstable isotopes) fast enough before they can decay. By contrast,
in case of the other type of time-laborious wet-chemical analytical technique described later in
Thomassen’s thesis, it would have been a race against time to finish the analytical procedures
before unstable isotopes of chemical elements of interest had decayed below the limits of detection

 To create neutrons via the WLT e + p electroweak reaction, Hydrogen (protons) must be present in
some chemical form, if only in trace amounts, somewhere inside experimental apparatus. In many
of these 1920s experiments, quantity of hydrogen (protons) internally available to make neutrons
may have been a limiting factor controlling quantities of transmutation products and contributed to
variability of results; Nagaoka inadvertently solved this issue by arcing in transformer oil, CnH2n+2

 Note that Thomassen cited Nagaoka but not Wendt & Irion; the credibility of their exploding wire
work published 1922 had already been destroyed by Rutherford’s critique in Nature; we have since
determined that Rutherford was wrong: http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/arxiv/pdf/0709/0709.1222v1.pdf

 Conclusion: even given above comments and length of time since these early
experiments were conducted (85 years), it appears that Thomassen’s reported
results were consistent with operation of a WLT neutron-catalyzed LENR process


Phys. Rev. 33, 229 (1929): Transmutation of Elements

American Physical Society

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Phys. Rev. 33, 229–238 (1929)

Transmutation of Elements
Abstract References No Citing Articles Page Images

Download: PDF (668 kB) Buy this article Export: BibTeX or EndNote (RIS)

L. Thomassen
Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics, California Institute, Pasadena, California

Received 25 September 1928; published in the issue dated February 1929 Physics - spotlighting exceptional
Test for the transmutation in the tungsten target of an x-ray tube.—X- research
ray spectrograms of the tungsten target of a deep-therapy x-ray tube were taken before
and after operating it for about 80 hours at 2-3 ma and 207 kv peak voltage. No lines
other than those due to tungsten were found before or after.

Test for transmutation of lead in a lead arc.—The experiments of Smits and
Karssen with the lead arc were duplicated as nearly as possible. Under no conditions of
current density was there any spectroscopic evidence of a transmutation of the lead to Read the latest from Physics :
mercury. Viewpoint: Quantum Dipolar Gases in
Boson or Fermion Flavor
Test for transmutation of lead in a high potential discharge between lead electrodes in Viewpoint: A Closer Connection Between
CS 2 .—The experiments of Smits and Karssen were carefully repeated. Some evidence Entanglement and Nonlocality
of Hg in the residue from the electrodes was found. The indications are however, that Focus: How to Make Soft, Wavy
the mercury comes from the electrodes, the carbon bisulphide or dust particles rather Structures
than from a transmutation of lead.

© 1929 The American Physical Society

URL: http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.33.229
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.33.229

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http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v33/i2/p229_1[5/26/2012 1:31:18 PM]

Lattice Energy LLC
In theory, neutron-catalyzed LENR transmutations can produce Gold
Already observed experimentally; may also occur naturally in the earth
Might process be scalable and economic; if so, what are long-term implications for Gold price?
Example 1 Example 2
Production of Gold: one possible path Making Gold: another possible path

Stable 74W180-186seeds
Technical Overview Stable 73Ta180-181seeds
+n and decays Lewis Larsen +n and decays
President and CEO
Series of Series of
Intermediate Lattice Energy LLC Intermediate
Isotopes May 19, 2012 Isotopes

196 197
78Pt “Facts do not cease to exist 77Ir

+n because they are ignored.” β- decay
197 Aldous Huxley in 197
78Pt 78Pt
“Proper Studies” 1927
β- decay β- decay

197 Basic LENR transmutation reactions: e-* + p+ g n + νe 197
79Au n + (Z, A) g (Z, A+1)stable or (Z, A+1)unstable 79Au

Neutron-catalyzed transmutations (Z, A+1)unstable g (Z+1, A+1)stable or unstable + e-β + νe Neutron-catalyzed transmutations

May 19, 2012 Copyright 2012, Lattice Energy LLC All Rights Reserved 1

Lattice Energy LLC
74 W180-seed LENR neutron-catalyzed transmutation network
Theoretical description of nucleosynthetic network for Gold
 We will now examine a hypothetical LENR transmutation network that begins
with neutron captures on Tantalum (Ta) and Tungsten (W) ‘seeds’

 Explanatory legend for network diagrams appears on the next slide
 180-seednetwork produces Gold (Au) and Platinum (Pt); if sufficiently high
74W
neutron fluxes are maintained for enough time, it can reach Bismuth (Bi)

 While unstable intermediate network products undergo nuclear decays, their
half-lives are generally short (especially those that are more neutron-rich); this
network does not produce copious, dangerous long-lived radioactive isotopes

 According to the WLT, in condensed matter systems LENRs occur in many tiny
nm- to micron-scale surface sites or ‘patches’ that only ‘live’ for several hundred
nanoseconds before they ‘die’; such sites can form and re-form spontaneously

 Need input energy to make neutrons that ‘catalyze’ LENR transmutations
 In following sections, we will discuss compelling experimental evidence that this
nucleosynthetic network in fact occurs both in the laboratory and out in Nature


Lattice Energy LLC
Legend:
Neutron capture and nuclear decay processes:
ULM neutron captures proceed from left to right except for upper-left corner; Q-value of capture reaction (MeV) in
green either above or below horizontal arrow.

Beta- (β-) decays proceed from top to bottom; denoted with bright blue vertical arrow pointing down with Q-value
(MeV) in blue either to left or right; beta+ (β+) decays are denoted with yellow arrow pointing upward to row above

Alpha decays, indicated with orange arrows, proceed mostly from right to left at an angle with Q-value (MeV) shown
in orange located on either side of the process arrow.

Electron captures (e.c.) indicated by purple vertical arrow; Q-value (MeV) to left or right.

Note: to reduce visual clutter in the network diagram, gamma emissions (converted to infrared photons by heavy e-*
electrons) are not shown; similarly, except where specifically listed because a given branch cross-section is
significant, beta-delayed decays also generally not shown; BR means “branching ratio” if >1 decay alternative

Color coded half-lives:
When known, half-lives shown as “HL = xx”. Stable and quasi-stable isotopes (i.e., those with half-lives > or equal to
107 years) indicated by green boxes; isotopes with half-lives < 107 but > than or equal to 103 years indicated by light
blue; those with half-lives < than 103 years but > or equal to 1 day are denoted by purplish boxes; half-lives of < 1 day
in yellow; with regard to half-life, notation “? nm” means isotope has been verified by HL has not been measured

Measured natural terrestrial abundances for stable isotopes:
Indicated with % symbol; note that 83Bi209 = 100% (essentially ~stable with half-life = 1.9 x 1019 yrs); 82Pb-205 ~stable
with HL= 1.5 x107 yrs;


Lattice Energy LLC
Increasing values of A
Network may potentially continue ‘upward’ to even higher values of A;
Alternatively, one could This depends on ULM neutron flux in cm2/sec
Start with stable start with 73Ta181 ‘seed’

Tungsten ‘seeds’ 73Ta-181
6.1 73Ta-182
6.9 73Ta-183
7.4 73Ta-184
5.6 73Ta-185
7.2 6.2
73Ta-186
Stable 99.9+% HL = 114 days HL = 5.1 days HL = 8.6 hrs HL = 49.3 min HL = 10.5 min
of pure W metal ε 188 keV BR = 100% 1.8 1.1 2.9 2.0 3.9

6.7 8.1 6.2 7.4 5.8 7.2 5.5
74W-180 74W-181 74W-182 74W-183 74W-184 74W-185 74W-186
Tungsten Stable 0.12% HL = 121 days Stable 26.5% Stable 14.3 % Stable 30.6% HL = 75.1 days Stable 28.4%

433 keV ε 579 keV BR = 7.5%
Please note: once created, the process of capturing an LENR ULM neutron on a nearby atom 6.2 7.4
75Re-185 75Re-186
occurs very quickly; on the order of picoseconds, i.e., 0.000000000001 sec., i.e., 10-12 sec, which Stable 37.4% HL = 3.7 days
is much faster than any of the various nuclear decays found in this particular LENR network.
Moreover, in case of condensed matter LENRs, while their neutron production rates are probably 1.1 BR 92.5%
significantly lower than the r-process, LENR neutron capture cross-sections are vastly higher than
6.3
those in stellar environments; on balance it’s essentially ‘a wash’, so LENRs can effectively mimic 76Os-186
Stable 1.58%
the r-process. Thus, isotopes in LENRs can potentially capture additional neutrons (i.e., become
more neutron-rich isotopes of the same element) before beta decay transmutes them into other
higher-Z elements found in the Periodic Table. This is why the ‘hot’ astrophysical r-process can
make heavier elements than the s-process (i.e., go beyond Bismuth): with much higher produced

Increasing values of Z
neutron fluxes, the r-process can successfully traverse and ‘bridge’ key regions of very short-lived
isotopes that are found in ultra-neutron-rich, high-Z reaches of vast nuclear isotopic landscape

It should also be noted that all of the many atoms located within a 3-D region of space that encompasses a given ULM
5.4
neutron’s spatially extended DeBroglie wave function (whose dimensions can range from 2 nm to 100 microns) will ‘compete’
with each other to capture such neutrons. ULM neutron capture is thus a decidedly many-body scattering process, not few-
body scattering such as that which characterizes capture of neutrons at thermal energies in condensed matter in which the
DeBroglie wave function of a thermal neutron is on the order of ~ 2 Angstroms. This explains why vast majority of produced
neutrons are captured locally and are only rarely detected at any energies during course of LENR experiments; it also clearly
explains why human-lethal MeV-energy neutron fluxes are characteristically not produced in condensed matter LENR systems.


Lattice Energy LLC
Dotted green arrow denotes ULMN capture products Network may potentially continue ‘upward’ to even higher values of A;
coming from lower values of A This depends on ULM neutron flux in cm2/sec

6.2 5.1 6.1 4.9
ULM Neutron
73Ta-187 73Ta-188 73Ta-189 73Ta-190
Capture
HL = 1.7 min HL = 20 sec HL = 3 sec HL= 3 x 102 msec
Ends on Ta
3.1 4.9 3.7 5.6

5.5 6.8 4.9 6.9 4.9 6.7
ULM Neutron ULM Neutron
74W-187 74W-188 74W-189 74W-190 74W-191 74W-192
HL = 23.7 hrs HL = 69.8 days
Capture Capture
HL = 11.6 min HL = 30 min HL = 20 sec HL = 10 sec
Ends on W Ends on Re
1.3 349 keV 2.5 1.3 3.2 2.1

7.4 5.9 7.0 5.7 6.9 5.4 6.7 5.3
75Re-187 75Re-188 75Re-189 75Re-190 75Re-191 75Re-192 75Re-193 75Re-194
~Stable 1010 yrs HL = 17 hrs HL = 1 day HL = 3.2 min HL = 9.8 min HL = 16 sec HL = 30 sec H L = 2 sec

2..1 1.0 3.1 2.1 4.2 3.1 4.9

6.3 76Os-187
8.0 5.9 7.8 5.8 76Os-191
7.6 76Os-192
5.6 76Os-193 7.1 76Os-194 5.3
76Os-188 76Os-189 76Os-190
Stable 1.6% Stable 13.3% Stable 16.1% Stable 26.4% HL = 15.4 days ~Stable 41.0% HL = 1.3 days HL = 6.0 yrs

1.8
313 keV BR 100% ε 1..1 BR = 4.9% 1.1 97 keV

As shown in these network charts, more neutron-rich, unstable 77Ir-191
6.2 77Ir-192 7.8 77Ir-193 6.1 77Ir-194 7.2
beta-decaying isotopes tend to have more energetic decays and Stable 37.3% HL = 73.8 days Stable 62.7% HL = 19.3 hrs

shorter half-lives. Electric current-driven LENR ULM neutron ε 57 keV BR = 100% 1.6
1.5 BR 95.1% 2.2
production and capture processes can occur at much faster rates
than decay rates of beta-/e.c.-unstable isotopes in this network. 6.3 8.4 6.1
78Pt-192 78Pt-193 78Pt-194
Stable 0.79% HL = 51 yrs Stable 32.9%
Thus, if local ULM neutron production rates in a given ‘patch’ are high enough,
large differences in rates of beta decay vs. neutron capture processes means that
largish populations of unstable, very neutron-rich isotopes can accumulate locally
during 300 nanosec lifetime of an LENR-active patch, prior to its being destroyed. Produce Platinum


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5.3 6.7
ULM Neutron
76Os-195 76Os-196
HL = 6.5 min HL = 34.8 min Capture
Ends on Os
1.3
2.0 1.2
ULM Neutron ULM Neutron
7.2 77Ir-195 5.8 77Ir-196 6.9 77Ir-197
5.6 77Ir-198
6.9 77Ir-199 Capture Capture
HL = 2.5 hrs HL = 52 sec HL = 5.8 min HL = 8 sec HL = 20 sec Ends on Ir Ends on Pt
0.6
1.1 3.2 2.2 4.1 3.0

6.1 7.9 78Pt-196 5.9 78Pt-197 7.6 5.6 78Pt-199 7.3 78Pt-200 5.2 78Pt-201 6.9 78Pt-202
78Pt-195 78Pt-198
Stable 33.8% Stable 25.3% HL = 19.9 hrs Stable 7.2% HL = 30.8 min HL = 13 hrs HL = 2.5 min HL = 1.9 days

719 keV 1.7 666 keV 2.7 1.8

6.5 7.6 6.3 7.2 6.1 79Au-202
6.8
79Au-197 79Au-198 79Au-199 79Au-200 79Au-201
Produce Gold Stable 100% HL = 2.7 days HL = 3.1 days HL = 48 min HL = 27 min HL = 28.8 sec

ε 600 keV BR = 100% 1.4 452 keV 2.2 1.3 3.0

6.8 8.5 6.7 8.0 6.2 7.8 6.0
80Hg-196 80Hg-197 80Hg-198 80Hg-199 80Hg-200 80Hg-201 80Hg-202
Stable 0.15% HL = 2.7 days Stable 9.8% Stable 16.9% Stable 23.1% Stable 13.2% Stable 29.9%

Please note that: Q-value for neutron capture on a given beta-unstable isotope is often larger than the Q-value for the alternative β-
decay pathway, so in addition to being a faster process than beta decay it can also be energetically more favorable. This can also
contribute to creating fleeting yet substantial local populations of short-lived, neutron-rich isotopes. There is indirect experimental
evidence that such neutron-rich isotopes can be produced in complex ULM neutron-catalyzed LENR nucleosynthetic (transmutation)
networks that set-up and operate during brief lifetime of an LENR-active ‘patch’; see Carbon-seed network on Slides # 11 - 12 and
esp. on Slide #55 in http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llctechnical-overviewcarbon-seed-lenr-networkssept-3-2009


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6.8 ULM Neutron
79Au-203 5.7 79Au-204 6.1 ULM Neutron
79Au-205
HL= 53 sec HL = 39.8 sec Capture
HL = 31 sec Capture
Ends on Au
Ends on Hg
2.1 3.9 3.5

6.0 7.5 5.7 6.7 3.3 4.9 3.3 4.8
80Hg-203 80Hg-204 80Hg-205 80Hg-206 80Hg-207 80Hg-208 80Hg-209 80Hg-210
HL= 46.6 days Stable 6.9% HL = 5.2 min HL = 8.2 min HL = 2.8 min HL = 42 min HL = 37 sec HL = 10 min
1.3
492 keV ε 344 keV BR = 97.1% 1.5 1.3 4.8 3.7 5.3 4.1

81Tl-203
6.7 81Tl-204
7.6 81Tl-205
6.5 6.9 81Tl-207
3.8 81Tl-208 5.0 81Tl-209 3.7 81Tl-210 4.9
81Tl-206
Stable 29.5% HL=3.8 yrs Stable 70.5% HL = 4.2 min HL = 4.8 min HL = 3.1 min HL = 2.2 min HL = 1.3 min

344 keV BR 2.9% ε 51 keV BR = 100% 1.5 1.4 5.0 4.0 5.5

82Pb-204
6.7 82Pb-205
8.1 6.7 82Pb-207
7.4 82Pb-208 3.9 82Pb-209 5.2 82Pb-210 3.8
82Pb-206
Stable 1.4% HL= 1.5 x 107 yrs Stable 24.1% Stable 22.1% Stable 52.4% HL = 3.3 hrs HL= 22.2 yrs

63 keV BR 99.9%
644 keV

5.1
83Bi-209 83Bi-210
~Stable 100% HL= 5 days
4.6
Beginning with so-called ‘seed’ or ‘target’ starting nuclei upon which ULM neutron
1.2 BR 99.9%
captures are initiated, complex, very dynamically changing LENR nucleosynthetic
networks are established in tiny LENR-active ‘patches.’ These ULM neutron-catalyzed 84Po-210
LENR networks exist for lifetimes of the particular ‘patches’ in which they were HL= 138 days
created; except for any still-decaying transmutation products that may linger, such
networks typically ‘die’ along with the LENR-active ‘patch’ that originally gave birth to
them. ‘Seed’ nuclei for such networks can comprise any atoms in a substrate
underlying an LENR-active patch and/or include atoms located nearby in various types
of surface nanoparticles or nanostructures electromagnetically connected to a ‘patch.’


Lattice Energy LLC-Addendum to May 19 2012 Technical Overview-1927 Caltech Experiments-May 26 2012

Lattice Energy LLC-Addendum to May 19 2012 Technical Overview-1927 Caltech Experiments-May 26 2012

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