This document discusses reference and inference in language. It defines reference as enabling identification through linguistic forms. Referring expressions include proper nouns, definite and indefinite noun phrases, and pronouns. Referential uses involve shared background knowledge between speaker and listener, while attribute uses involve different perspectives. Proper names conventionally associate with objects in a sociocultural community. Anaphora involves repetition, with the antecedent as the first mention and anaphora as the second. Co-text makes referents more specific. Inference involves understanding implied information based on context.

1. Reference and Inference
Presented by :
Nurussobach
Ria wijayanti
Lela Tiarasari
Indana Zulva
Andri Anti

2. Reference
Reference as an act in which a speaker or
writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a
listener or reader to indentify something.

3. • Reference is not based on objectively correct
(versus incorrect) naming but on some
logically successful (versus unsuccessful)
choice of expression.
“Mister Aftershave is late today,.
From example that successful reference is necessarily
collaborate with both the speaker and the listener having a
role thinking about what the other has in mind.

4. Referring expression
•
•
•
•
Proper noun
Noun phrases definite
Noun phrases indefinite
Pronouns

5. Referential and attribute uses
Example:
a. There’s a man waiting for you.
b. He wants to marry a woman with lots of
money.
c. We’d love to find a nine-foot-tall basketball
player.
Referential : between speaker and listener know about who or what
something they talking about because they have similar background
knowledge.
Attribute uses : between speaker and listener have different
background knowledge. It make the listeners have different
perspective about who or what something they talking about.

6. Names and referents
• There appears to be a pragmatic connection between
proper names and object that will be conventionally
associated, within a socio culturally definite
community, with those name.
• Using a proper name referentially to identify any
such object invites the listener to make the expected
inference.

7. Example
A : Can I borrow your Shakespeare?
B : Yeah it’s over there on the table.
The intended referent and the inferred referent would not
be a person, but probably a book.
X : Where’s the cheese sandwich sitting?
Y : He’s over there by the window.
The referent being identified is not a thing, but a person
(notice the pronoun).

8. The role of co-text
• Co-text is part or accompanying or support the referring
expression
• The function of co-text itself, it makes referent more specific.
Brazil wins world cup
- Brazil was a referring expression (We know that the function of co-text
itself, it makes referent more specific, where the referent is to be understood
as soccer team)
- Wins world cup was part of the co-text. So brazil here

9. Anaphoric reference
• Reference is an act or instance of referring
• Anaphora is a rhetorical term for the repetition of a
word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.
In the film, a man and a woman were trying to wash a cat. The
man was holding the cat while the woman poured water on it. He
said something to her and they started laughing.

10. • Antecedent is the first mentioning or the initial referent.
• Anaphora is the second mention.
• Anaphora antecedent
Peel and slice six potatoes. Put them in cold salted water
Six potatoes as antecedent and them as anaphora.
• Cataphora is put of it before antecedent.
I turned the corner and almost stepped on it. There was a large
snake in the middle of the path.
• Zero anaphora or ellipsis is there’s no Antecedent,
Anaphora, Cataphora but the listener can understand what
the speaker means.
Cook for three minutes

11. Inference
If x is house then x has a kitchen
I just rented a house. The kitchen is really big.
Chardonnay is kind of wine
• We had Chardonnay with dinner. The wine was
the best part.
The bus has a driver. The antecedent (the bus) and the
anaphor (he) are not grammatical agreement(normally a
bus would be it)
• The bus came on time, but he didn’t stop.