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- 1. Chapter 6 The Great Communicators Language and the Media
- 2. Sexism and Language: What’s in a Word? • Language is a medium of socialization • Semantic derogation • Linguistic sexism – Ways in which a language devalues members of one sex, almost invariably women • How can sexist language be changed? © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 3. Sexism and Language: What’s in a Word? • Do Women and Men Speak Different Languages? – According to Tannen: • Women and men have different communication styles and communication goals • Women and men speak different genderlects © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 4. Sexism and Language: What’s in a Word? • Gender inequality characterizes much everyday communication – Reflecting differences in men’s and women’s life experiences, social status, and power • Common stereotype that women are more talkative than men © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 5. Sexism and Language: What’s in a Word? • Women’s conversations have traditionally been negatively stereotyped and parodied • Women’s communications have been considered not only different from men’s: – But also typically inferior – This pattern is not normative in all societies © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 6. Box 6.1 Sexism and Language © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 7. Gender and the Media • Reflection hypothesis – The media only give the public what it expects, wants, or demands • The media are the chief sources of information for most people – As well as the focus of their leisure activity © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 8. Gender and the Media • Symbolic annihilation – The media traditionally have ignored, trivialized, or condemned women • Gender Differences in Online Communication • The Written Word: Gender Messages in Newspapers and Magazines © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 9. Gender and the Media – Men are more likely than women to regularly get news online or on a cell phone – While women are more likely to turn to social networking sites (e.g., Twitter) for news – The gender gap in newspaper readership – Women and men certainly have different interests in news stories – A perusal of just about any news daily gives one the impression that it is a man’s world © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 10. Gender and the Media – Gender stereotypes frequently intersect with racial and ethnic stereotypes – Women have made also progress on national network newscasts in recent years – Minority men and women remain dramatically underrepresented on the network news © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 11. Gender and the Media • Gender Messages in Children’s Television Cartoons and Animated Movies © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 12. Images of Gender in the Media: What Are Their Effects? • Gender Messages in Advertisements: Does Sexism Sell? – The sexually exploitative use of women in advertising has increased – Lolita syndrome © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 13. Language and Media as Shapers of Gender • The gender images communicated by language and the mass media – Impact on men’s and women’s behaviors and self-concepts • Symbolic annihilation – Symbolically ignoring, trivializing, or demeaning a particular group © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Chapter 4 of your book discusses the “linguistic turn” of sociologists.
- Deborah Tannen argues that women and men are “members of different speech communities.” Women speak a language of intimacy and connection, men speak a language of status and independence. This means that when women and men interact, it is almost like a cultural conflict. Do you agree with this? Some research has found that speech differs situationally (sex of the receiver, context of the situation and the power dynamic between the two people).
- Men: talk more, are more successful at getting a conversation focused on their topic of choice, more likely to be listened to by both sexes, more likely to use assertive speech, interupt more, when interacting with women, men are more likely than women to stare or touch Women: more likely to use intensifers (really, very), women are more likely to avert their eyes, smile and laugh more regardless of their current emotion, more likely to use active listening skills (nodding, mmmhmm),
- Men are more likely to talk about work, sport or activities they have in common, women are more likely to talk about personal topics. This has been defined as gossiping. If men are in power, they have greater power to define acceptable standards of communication. Its important to note that these differences in communication are culture dependent and are created by socialization.
- Connotations: What does this first group of words connote? Words associate with men connote power and authority, words associated with women are uniformly negative or demeaning. The word spinster originally meant “tender of a spinning wheel.” Over time it has taken on a different meaning: “Semantic derogation.” Words pairs: Ask a student to read words aloud. Does anything sound strange about it? The pairs listing the woman first feel awkward. This was intentional. 18 th century grammar rules required the male to be listed first because, “the supreme being is in all languages masculine, in as much as the masculine sex is superior and more excellent.” Gender words: Do these words conjure images of women and men together or just men? What does this mean?
- Example: when newscasters are trying to decide what goes on the air, they must prioritize the stories of the day. We don’t have access to all the news already to cast our “vote,” journalists and producers decide what to air. So, who really votes? A lot of research indicates that media consumers, especially people that consume a lot of media, have a tendency to accept the information presented as true.
- In 2006, 44% of men and 38% of women regularly read daily newspapers. Of course, people are moving online for news, but women are still less likely to read online news sources (27 vs 36%). Possible explanations: 1) lowest rates of readership among young, unemployed mothers=lack of time and financial resources to access news or newspapers don’t speak to womens interest or are degrading Men are much more likely to follow sports, science and technology, business and finance. Women are more likely to follow religion, health, and entertainment. News of women centered activities (with the exception of female heads of state, women who have died or been killed, or women notable for their associations with men) is “soft news” and relegated to secondary sections of the newspaper or website. What would you list as a credible news site? (ie, cnn.com wsj.com and Nytimes.com). Look at these sites as a class. Where and in what order are these topics?
- 2010: minority journalists at daily papers=13.2% and 11.1% of supervisors 2010: female journalist at daily papers=37% and 34% of supervisors 2010: minority women accounted for 16.6% of female newsroom employees (editors, reporters, copy editors and photographer). Interviews with minority journalist have found that they feel compelled to reflect mainstream norms for survival and avoid advocacy for people of color.
- Children 2-5 spend more than 32 hours per week watching TV and see 20,000 ads per year. What is strange about the smurfs? There are 8 males and 1 female. Heman and Shera are depicted as hyper gendered. research has found that female characters are underrepresented in cartoons. Female characters are more often depicted as fearful and in need of protection from males. http://www.cartoonnetwork.com/tv_shows/index.html?atclk_gn=gn_link_shows Scrolling through the most popular shows on the cartoon network, how many girls do you see? This is complex though. Some research has found that children tend to choose shows that reinforce the gender stereotypes that they have already been taught by their parents.
- A 2008 analysis of 2,000 magazine ads found that ½ depicted women as sex objects, which means they had a purely decorative role, with no relation to the product. The response has been to increase the exploitation of men in ads. Lolita: 1962 movie in which a 12 year old girl seduces a grown man Some academics worried that this makes children more vulnerable to sexual abuse if sexualization of young girls is normalized in the media.
- 1 study found that women exposed to television for even a very short time experienced decreased mood and self esteem Another study showed advertisements to students, some gender stereotyped, other role reversed. The groups were then asked to write an essay about their life goals. The women in the group watching the gender stereotyped ad group was more likely to write about homemaking and had few aspirations outside the home. The women who watched role reversed ads were more achievement oriented.