1. Referencing

2. Referencing
• The purpose of a reference list is to
supply the information needed to allow
a reader to find a source.
• Authors appear in alphabetical order in
the reference list.

3. Referencing
• Some popular referencing methods are:
• the Vancouver system
• the MLA
• the APA style
• the Harvard system
Note: there is no definitive version of the Harvard
system and universities use their own varieties.

4. Referencing
Note:
It is important to check which system is
used by your department but also by
individual lecturers. Handbooks
supplied by your subject leaders usually
provide a reference guide.

5. Referencing
Examples of the Harvard system style
• The way the reference is written differs
depending on the source
• The order in which the referencing
information appears is important
• Commas and full stops are important

6. Textbook (1)
Martin, G.N., Carlson, N.R. and Buskist, W.
(2007) Psychology (3rd edn.). Harlow:
Pearson Education.
• Surname of author and author’s initial (this
information is repeated for each of the co-
authors)
• Year of publication in brackets
• Title of the book in italics

7. Textbook (2)
Martin, G.N., Carlson, N.R. and Buskist, W.
(2007) Psychology (3rd edn.). Harlow:
Pearson Education.
• Edition number in brackets if applicable (e.g.
3rd edn)
• Publishing location
• Publisher’s name

8. A text from an edited
collection (1)
Thomas, H.S.C. (2008). ‘Biogeographical
concepts’. In J. Holden, (Ed.), Physical
Geography and the Environment (2nd edn),
pp. 39-64. Harlow: Pearson Education.
• Surname of author of chapter and author’s
initial (this information is repeated for each of
the co-authors)
• Year of publication in brackets
• Title of chapter in quotation marks
• Initial and surname of editor of book followed
by (ed.)

9. A text from an edited
collection (2)
Thomas, H.S.C. (2008). ‘Biogeographical
concepts’. In J. Holden, (Ed.), Physical
Geography and the Environment (2nd edn),
pp. 39-64. Harlow: Pearson Education.
• Title of the book in italics
• Edition number in brackets (if applicable)
• Publishing location
• Publisher’s name

10. Journal Article (1)
Woodward-Kron, R. (2002) ‘Critical analysis
versus description? Examining the
relationship in successful student writing’.
Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 1,
121-143.
• Surname of the author of the chapter and
author’s initial (this information is repeated
for each of the co-authors)
• Year of publication in brackets
• Title of the journal in quotation marks

11. Journal Article (2)
Woodward-Kron, R. (2002) ‘Critical analysis
versus description? Examining the
relationship in successful student writing’.
Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 1,
121-143.
• Title of the journal in italics
• Volume number in italics
• Page numbers of the article

12. Newspaper Article
Curtis, P. (2008). ‘University entrants hit
record high.’ The Guardian, 22 August, p.4.
• Surname of the author and author’s initial
• Year of publication in brackets
• Title of the article in quotation marks
• Name of the newspaper in italics
• Day and month of article
• Page number of the article

13. Website Article (1)
Harnack, A. and Kleppinger, E. (2003)
Online! A reference guide to using internet
sources. Retreived, August 22, 2008 from
http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite6.htm
• Surname of author and author’s initial (if
available) (this information is repeated for
each of the co-authors)
• Year of publication in brackets
• Title of complete work in italics

14. Website Article (2)
Harnack, A. and Kleppinger, E. (2003)
Online! A reference guide to using internet
sources. Retreived, August 22, 2008 from
http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite6.htm
• Other relevant information (volume number,
page numbers, etc., if available)
• Full date article was accessed
• URL

15. Encyclopedia or Dictionary
Longman dictionary of contemporary English
(1978) London: Longman
• Title of publication
• Date
• Publishing location
• Publisher