2.  By
March
1917, Russia
was facing
many internal
issues. The
Tsar had given
up his throne.

3.  At
first, Russia
wanted to
remain in the
war, but they
had already
suffered 5.5
million
casualties.

4.  When
there was
another
revolution and
Vladimir Ilyich
Lenin took
power, he
insisted on
ending the war.

5.  In
March 1918,
Lenin signed the
treaty of Brest –
Litovsk which
ended the war
for Russia, but
also took a lot
of their land.

6.  After
the
Treaty of
Brest –
Litovsk, the
Germans
were finally
able to focus
on the
western front.

7.  By
May 1918, German
troops were within 40 miles
of Paris, and it seemed like
they had a chance of
victory. However, they were
considerably weakened.

8.  With
the help of fresh American
troops, the Allies were able to
hold the Germans back.

9.  After
the Allies
pushed
Germany back,
the Central
Powers began
to crumble.

10.  Germany’s
allies
quit and German
soldiers refused to
fight, and on
November 9, 1918
Kaiser Wilhelm II
was forced to step
down.

11. A
representative of
the new Germany
met with the Allies
in Paris and signed
an armistice, an
agreement to end
the fighting at 11:00
November 11, 1918.

12.  After
the war was over, the peace
still needed to be worked out.
 Beginning January 18, 1919 a
conference took place at the
palace of Versailles. The
conference lasted for a year, and
there were often disagreements
and debates.

13.  Delegates
from 32
countries were present, but
ultimately it was the
Allies/the big four who
decided what would
happen to post war Europe.

14. Woodrow Wilson,
President of the
United States.
Georges
Clemenceau, ministe
r from France.

15. David Lloyd George,
minister from Great
Britain.
Vittorio Orlando,
minister from Italy.

16. Going
into the Treaty of
Versailles, the big four had
various goals. Woodrow
Wilson and Georges
Clemenceau pushed their
agendas the most.

17. Woodrow
Wilson was very
idealistic and wanted to
create a lasting peace.
(Bismarck would say he
didn’t practice
realpolitik.)

18. Georges
Clemenceau was
much more realistic and
wanted to see that
Germany was punished as
much as possible. He
believed they were
responsible for the war.

19. 1.
2.
3.
4.
Open Diplomacy – no secret
treaties.
Freedom of Navigation – open
seas in war and peace.
Free trade – customs barriers and
taxes/duties should be removed.
Multilateral disarmament – all
countries should reduce their
armed forces to the lowest levels
possible (limited military power).

20. 5. Colonies – people in European
colonies should have a say in their
future.
6. Russia – should be allowed to
have whatever government they
want.
7. Belgium – should be restored to
how they were before the war.

21. France – should get Alsace – Lorraine
back and any other land taken
during the war.
9. Italy – their borders should be
readjusted according to nationality.
10. National self – determination – the
nations in Europe should be given
their own countries whenever
possible.
8.

22. 11. Romania, Montenegro & Serbia –
should be restored and Serbia should get
sea access.
12. Turkey – people of Turkey should have
a say in their future.
13. Poland – should become independent
and have sea access.
14. League of Nations – a group of nations
should come together to meet and solve
conflicts peacefully rather than by war.

23.  The
final treaty looked very
little like Woodrow Wilson’s
fourteen points.
 Germany was not happy with
the treaty, but they had no
choice but to sign it.

24.  Germany
had to return Alsace –
Lorraine to France. The French
border was extended to the Rhine
River.
 Germany had to surrender their
overseas colonies in Africa and the
pacific.
 Anschluss – Germany was not
allowed to form an alliance with
Austria – Hungary.

25.  International
Peace
Organization was formed.
It would include 32 Allied
and neutral nations.
 Germany and Russia were
not included.

26.  When
Woodrow Wilson
returned home, he was
unable to convince
Congress that the US
should participate in the
League of Nations.

27.  Limited
the size of Germany’s
army.
 Germany prohibited from
importing or making
weapons/war material.
 Germany forbidden is build or buy
submarines or have an air force.

28.  Sole
responsibility for
the war is placed on
Germany’s shoulders.
 Germany must pay Allies
$33 billion in reparations
over 30 years.

29. The other nations in the Central
Powers suffered some
consequences too, but not as bad
as Germany:
 Hungary
lost land and had a
limited army. They were also told
they had to pay reparations, but
an amount was never set.

30.  Bulgaria
lost land and had a
limited army. They had to pay
$90 million in war
reparations.
 Turkey lost land in Greece and
the League of Nations took
Turkey’s colonies.

31. Europe Before
WWI
Europe After
WWI

32.  New
nations were created such
as: Austria, Hungary,
Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and
Poland.
 Russia felt alienated from the
Allies and lost land to Poland,
and Romania. Finland, Estonia,
Latvia, and Lithuania used to be
part of Russia and became
independent countries.

33.  Ottoman
Turks were forced to give
up most of their former empire, all
that remained was Turkey. The
Allies took their land and divided it
up into mandates under British and
French control. Palestine, Iraq, and
Transjordan went to the British.
Syria and Lebanon went to France.

35.  The
Treaty of Versailles
was known as the “peace
built on quicksand.” The
treaty set the world up
for a lot of problems later
down the line.

36.  Many
countries felt bitter with
the outcome. US didn’t
accomplish its goals. Germany
was stuck with the war guilt.
Japan and Italy had both entered
the war to gain territory and
neither had truly been successful.

37.  Even
though the League of
Nations had been formed the
US wasn’t a member and they
were weak.
 World War I was the first total
war on a global scale that
made use of new technology.

38.  8.5
million soldiers died, 21
million were wounded and many
civilians died as well.
 The war had a devastating
economic impact on Europe, and
it shook European society as
never before.