in this presentation you can find the history , location, function and disease related to peroxisomes

1. PEROXISOMES
SUBMITTED TO : MRS ALKA
CENTRE OF BIOINFORMATICS
SUBMITTED BY: LASHIKA
CENTRE OF BIOINFORMATICS
2116

2. INDEX
1) HISTORY
2) INTRODUCTION
3) LOCATION OF PEROXISOMES
4) IMPORTANCE AND FUNCTIONS
5) DISEASE
6) CONCLUSION

3. HISTORY
• PEROXISOMES (MICROBODIES) WERE FIRST DESCRIBED BY A SWEDISH DOCTORAL
STUDENT, J. RHODIN IN 1954.
• FOR THE FIRST TIME PEROXISOMES WERE OBSERVED BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
IN ANIMAL CELLS (1950S) THEN IN PLANT CELLS (1960S)
• CHRISTIAN DEDUVE (1965)
A. ISOLATED FRIM LIVER CELLS BY CENTRIFUGATION
B. CALLED THEM PEROXISOMES BECAUSE THEY GENERATE AND DESTROY
H2O2.

4. INTRODUCTION
• THESE ARE SINGLE MEMBRANE
• ROUGHLY
• SPHERICAL IN SHAPE
• HAVE VARIOUS COMPOSITIONS
• NUMBER AND SIZE DEPEND ON ENVIRONMENT
a) GLUCOSE LIMITED
b) MORE GLUCOSE LIMITED
c) METHANOL LIMITED
• THESE ARE ALSO KNOWN AS MICROBODIES.
• PEROXISOMES ARE ABOUT THE SIZE OF LYSOSOMES
(0.5-1.5 ΜM) AND LIKE THEM ARE BOUND BY SINGLE
MEMBRANE. THEY ALSO RESEMBLE LYSOSOMES IN BEING FILLED WITH ENZYMES.

5. WHAT THEY LOOK LIKE ?
• THEY ARE ROUND OR OVAL VESICLES SURROUNDED BY A PHOSOLIPID BILAYER.
• INSIDE THE VESICLE ARE MANY ENZYMES.
• EACH PEROXISOMES IS SINGLE MEMBRANE.
• EACH CELL CONTAIN SEVERAL HUNDRED PEROXISOMES.
• THEY RESEMBLE A LYSOSOME BUT ARE NOT THE SAME.
• THEY ARE SELF REPLICATING.
• SIZE IS VARIABLE , BUT IT IS ROUGHLY 700NM
• FOUND IN CYTOPLASM OF CELL.
• THE ORGAN THAT PEROXISOMES ARE MOST
ABUNDANT IN IS THE LIVER.

6. • PEROXISOMES ARE VESICLES THAN CONTAIN ENZYMES TO OXIDISE
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES LIKE FATS. IN OTHER WORDS THE USE OXYGEN TO
BREAK DOWN MOLECULES.
• THE ENZYMES IN THESE ORGANELLES PRODUCE HYDROGEN PEROXIDES.
• HYDROGEN PEROXIDE IS BROKEN DOWN RIGHT AWAY BY THE ENZYMES
CATALASE INTO OXYGEN AND WATER.
• PEROXISOMES ARE ABUNDANT IN THE LIVER WHERE THEY PRODUCE BILE
SALTS AND CHOLESTEROL AND BREAK DOWN FATS.

7. LOCATION OF PEROXISOMES
• PLACE INTO CYTOPLASM.
• EACH CELL CONTAIN 100 OR MORE THAN PEROXISOMES
• PRESENT IN BOTH ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL
• CONTAIN MORE THAN 50 ENZYMES
• FOUND IN ALL EUCARYOTIC CELLS

9. IN PLANT CELL

10. IN ANIMAL CELL

11. FUNCTION OF PEROXISOME IN PLANTS
1. Β- OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS
2. GLYOXYLATE CYCLE
3. PHOTORESPIRATION (GLYCOLATE PATHWAY)
4. DEGRADATION OF PURINES
5. DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

12. FUNCTION IN HUMAN LIVER
• BREAKDOWN (BY OXIDATION) OF EXCESS FATTY ACIDS
• BREAKDOWN OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2), A POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS
PRODUCT OF FATTY –ACID OXIDATION. IT IS CATALYSED BY THE ENZYMES
CATALASE.
• PARTICIPATES IN THE SYNTHESIS OF CHOLESTEROL
• PARTICIPATE IN THE SYNTHESIS OF BILE ACIDS.
• PARTICIPATE IN THE SYNTHESIS OF THE LIPIDS USED TO MAKE MYELIN.
• BREAKDOWN OF EXCESS PURINES ( AMP,GMP) TO URINE ACID .

13. TYPE OF PEROXISOMES IN PLANTS
1. LEAVES
CATALYSES OXIDATION OF SIDE
PRODUCT OF CO2 FIXATION IN
PHOTORESPIRATION.
2. GERMINATING SEED
CONVERTS FATTY ACID IN SEED
LIPIDS INTO SUGARS NEEDED FOR GROWTH
IN THE YOUNG PLANT

14. ENZYMATIC PATHWAYS IN PEROXISOMES
• FATTY ACID OXIDATION( VLCFA)
• H2O2 DETOXIFICATION( CATALASE)
• BILE ACID SYNTHESIS
• PLASMALOGEN SYNTHESIS
• CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS
• GLYOXYLATES DETOXIFICATION

15. PEROXISOMAL DISEASE
• 16 DISODERS
• 15 ARE AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE
a) ZELLWEGER SPECTRUM. ...
b) ZELLWEGER SYNDROME. ...
c) NEONATAL ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY.
d) INFANTILE REFSUM'S DISEASE.
e) RHIZOMELIC CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA (RCDP). ETC
• 1 IS X- LINKED ( ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY)

16. • ADRENOLEUKODYSTROP
HY (ALD) IS A DISEASE
LINKED TO THE X
CHROMOSOME. IT IS A
RESULT OF FATTY ACID
BUILDUP CAUSED BY A
DEFECT IN THE VERY
LONG CHAIN OF FATTY
ACIDS TRANSPORTER IN
PEROXISOMES, WHICH
THEN CAUSES DAMAGE
TO THE MYELIN SHEATH
OF THE NERVES,
RESULTING IN SEIZURES
AND HYPERACTIVITY.

17. • ZELLWEGER SYNDROME IS
A RARE CONGENITAL
DISORDER CHARACTERIZED
BY THE REDUCTION OR
ABSENCE OF FUNCTIONAL
PEROXISOMES IN THE CELLS
OF AN INDIVIDUAL. IT IS
ONE OF A FAMILY OF
DISORDERS CALLED
ZELLWEGER SPECTRUM
DISORDERS WHICH ARE
LEUKODYSTROPHIES.

18. CONCULSION
• SO FINALLY I CAN CONCLUDE THAT
THE PEROXISOME IS THE MOST
ABUNDANT ORGANELLE WHICH IS
MAINTAIN AND CONTROLLING THE
CELL FUNCTION LIKE BIOGENESIS OF
AMINO ACIDS, CHOLESTEROLS,
PURINE, PLASMALOGEN ETC.