02 - The Best of Business Data Communication and Computer Network

1. Data Business Communication and Computer Network by Novy Inkhamseng 1
຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄ Data & Communication
ລາຣະຍາຌ Contents
I. ຋ທຝຓຘຓຝຆຂນຉ Data & Communication..............................................................................3
1.1 ຋ທຝຓຘຓຝຆຂນຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ ..........................................................................................................3
1.2 ຋ຸຌຈ຺ຓຍັ຃ຂັ່ຌຑ່ຌ຅ຝຌຂນຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ .............................................................................................3
II. ຋ທຝຓຘຓຝຆຂນຉກຝຌຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌ............................................................................................3
2.1 ກຝຌຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌ Communication..........................................................................................3
2.2 ຎຜເຑ຃ຂນຉກຝຌຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌ .................................................................................................3
2.3 ຂຜຍທຌກຝຌຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌ Communication Process................................................................4
III. ຋ທຝຓຘຓຝຆຂນຉ Data Communication .................................................................................6
3.1 ຋ທຝຓຘຓຝຆຂນຉ Data Communication...............................................................................6
3.2 ຋ທຝຓບູ່ທ຺໇ທໄຎກ໇ົທກັຍກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ...................................................................................6
IV. ຋ທຝຓຘຓຝຆຂນຉ Computer Network ....................................................................................7
V. ຋ທຝຓຘຓຝຆຂນຉ Telecommunication ...................................................................................7
5.1 ນ຺ຉຎຜກນຍຂນຉ Telecommunication....................................................................................7
5.2 ນ຺ຉຎຜກນຍຂນຉ Data Communication..................................................................................7
5.3 ກຝຌຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌຂ໇ຝທຈຝຌ Data Communication...........................................................8
5.4 ຎັ຃ໄຊທ໇຋ທຌ຋ໆຝຌຶຉເ຅ິຉກຝຌເຖນກຄ຺ທກຝຉ.............................................................................8
5.5 ຎຜເຑ຃ຂນຉຈັຌຆຝຌທ໇ໃງ່ໃຌກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ .........................................................................8
5.6 ງຜຌິ຃ຂນຉຈັຌຆຝຌທ໇ໃງ່ໃຌກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ...........................................................................9
5.7 ຎຜເຑ຃ຂນຉກຝຌບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉຈັຌຆຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ..................................................................................10
5.8 ທິ຃ທຝຉກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ (Direction of data Flow) ..............................................................11
5.9 ຎຜເຑ຃ຂນຉກຝຌບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉຈັຌຆຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ..................................................................................12
5.10 ຄ຺ທກຝຉຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ (Communication Media) .....................................................................13
5.11 ນຸຎຜກນຌຈໆຝຖັຍກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌ .................................................................................................16
VI. ຋ທຝຓຘຓຝຆຂນຉເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ຋ນຓຑິທເຄ....................................................................................16
VII. ເຎ຺່ຝຘຓຝຆຂນຉເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ຋ນຓຑິທເຄ .......................................................................................16
VIII. ຎຜໂຘຆ຃ຂນຉກຝຌໃງ່ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ.....................................................................................16
IX. ຎຜເຑ຃ຂນຉຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ...................................................................................................17
1. ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆຈຜເຑຝຜຑ່ຌທ໇ (LAN) Local Area Network.....................................................17
2. ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉເຓນຉ (MAN) Metropolitan Area Network ....................................17
3. ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉແຂທຉ/ຎຜເທ຃ (WAN) Wide Area Network...................................18
4. ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆຖຜ຃ັຍຈຝກ຺ຌ (IN) Internetwork.....................................................................18
5. ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆຍໆ໇ໃງ່ຈຝຆ (WN) Wireless Network.................................................................18
6. ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆຍໆ໇ໃງ່ຈຝຆແຍຍ (WiFi) Wireless Fidelity ກັຍ IEEE.............................................19
7. ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆແຍຍ (WIMAX) Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access .............19

2. Data Business Communication and Computer Network by Novy Inkhamseng 2
຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄ Data & Communication
7.1 ຋ທຝຓຘຓຝຆຂນຉ WIMAX ............................................................................................20
X. ບູຍແຍຍກຝຌເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ ......................................................................................21
1. ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆແຍຍຍັ຃ໂຎໂຖດ (Bus Topology)................................................................................21
2. ໂທໂຎໂຖດແຍຍທ຺ຉແຘທຌ (Ring Topology) .............................................................................22
3. ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆແຍຍ຃ຝທໂທໂຎໂຖດ (Star Topology) ........................................................................23
4. ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆແຍຍຎຜຈ຺ຓໂທໂຎໂຖດ Mesh Topology .....................................................................24
5. ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆແຍຍຎຜຈ຺ຓ Tree Topology......................................................................................24
6. Hybrids .................................................................................................................................25
7. ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆແຍຍ (Hierarchical Topology)..................................................................................25
Hub/ Repeater.......................................................................................................................25
Bridge.....................................................................................................................................26
Switch or Bridge.....................................................................................................................26
Gateway.................................................................................................................................27
Modem= Modulation Demodulation ....................................................................................27
ຖຜຍ຺ຍໄຓໂກຕເທຍ Microwave.................................................................................................27
຃ຝທທົຓ Satellite...................................................................................................................28
8. ຓຝ຃ຄຜ຅ຝຌກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model)............29

3. Data Business Communication and Computer Network by Novy Inkhamseng 3
຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄ Data & Communication
Business Data Communication and Computer Network
ລາຣະຍາຌ/Contents
1. ຂ໇ຠູຌກາຌລືໆລາຌ (Data Communication)
2. ເ຃ືວຂໆາງ຃ວຠພິ຤ເຉີ (Computer Networks)
3. ກາຌລືໆລາຌໂ຋ຣະ຃຺ຠຠະຌາ຃຺ຠ (Telecommunication)
4. ກາຌເຆືໆວຠໂງຄ-ຉິຈຉໆລືໆລາຌ (Connection)
I. ຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄ Data & Communication
1.1 ຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄຂ໇ຠູຌ
Data ແຓ໇ຌຂໆ່ທ໇ແທ່ຊິຉກ໇ົທກັຍຍຸກ຋຺ຌຈິ໇ຉຂນຉແຌທ຋ິ຃ ແຖຜ ເຘ຃ກຝຌທ໇ເບ຺ຝຈ຺ຌໃຊຈຶກຈຝ ນຝ຃
ໄ຃່ຓຝຊຝກກຝຌຌັຍ ກຝຌທັ຃ ເງິ໇ຉເຎັຌໄ຃່ທັຉຄ຺ທເຖກ ຂໆ່຋ທຝຓ ຈັຌຆຝຖັກ ຘຖ ບູຍຑຝຍ.
Data ແຓ໇ຌຂໆ່ທ໇ແທ່ຊິຉກ໇ົທກັຍເຘ຃ກຝຌ ຘຖ ຂໆ່ຓູຌ຃ິຍທ໇ຆັຉຍໆ໇ຏ໇ຝຌກຝຌຎຜຓທຌຏ຺ຌຆັຉຍໆ໇ຓ
຋ທຝຓຘຓຝຆໃຌກຝຌຌໆຝໄຎໃງ່ຉຝຌ ຂໆ່ຓູຌນຝ຃ຊຜເຎັຌຄ຺ທເຖກ ຄ຺ທນັກຈນຌ ຈັຌຆຝຖັກ ບູຍຑຝຍ ຈົຉ ຘຖ
ຑຝຍເ຋໇ນຌໄຘທ ເຄັກຌິກ຋ນຓຑິທເຄ ຋: Hard ware ທ໇ຈຝຓຝ຃ຊັຍໄ຃່, Technology ເງັ໇ຌ: ຋ຸຌຌຜຑຝຍ.
Data ແຓ໇ຌຂໆ່ທ໇ແທ່ຊິຉທ໇ຓດູ໇ ຘຖ ໄ຃່ຓຝຊຝກເຘ຃ກຝຌທ໇ເກ຃ຂຶ່ຌ ໂ຃ຆຓໄ຃່ຊຝກກຝຌຎ໇ົຌແຎຉໃ຃
໅ ເງິ໇ຉນຝ຃ຊຜເຎັຌເ຋໇ນຉຘຓຝຆຄ຺ທເຖກ (ຂໆ່ຓູຌເງຉຎຜຖິຓຝຌ) ຄ຺ທນັກຈນຌ ຘຖ ຈັຌຆຝຖັກຈ໇ໃ຃ ໅ (ຂໆ່ຓູຌ
ເງຉ຋ຸຌຌຜຑຝຍ) ກໆ໇ໄ຃່຋ຸຌຈ຺ຓຍັ຃ຂັ່ຌຑ່ຌ຅ຝຌຂນຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ.
1.2 ຃ຸຌລ ຺ຠຍັຈຂ ັ໇ຌພື໇ຌຊາຌຂວຄຂ໇ຠູຌ
1. ຃຤າຠຊືກຉ໇ວຄ: ຘຝກເງ໇ນ຅ຍໆ໇ໄ຃່ ຊຜເບັ຃ໃຘ່ເກ຃ຏ຺ຌເຈຆ ຏູ່ໃງ່ຊຜຍໆ໇ກ່ຝນ່ຝຉນຉ ຘຖ ຌໆຝໄຎໃງ່ໃຘ່
ເກ຃ຎຜໂຘຆ຃
2. ຃຤າຠ຤ໆວຄໄ຤ ແຣະ ຋ັຌລະໄ຦ຠ: ທັຌຄໆ໇຋ທຝຓຄ່ນຉກຝຌຂນຉຏູ່ໃງ່ ຓກຝຌຄນຍຈຜຘຌນຉຄໆ໇ຏູ່ໃງ່
ໄ຃່ໄທ.
3. ຃຤າຠລ຺ຠຍູຌ: ຂຶ່ຌດູ໇ກັຍກຝຌຖທຍຖທຓຂໆ່ຓູຌ ແຖຜ ທິທກຝຌຎຜຄິຍັ຃ຉຝຌ
4. ຃຤າຠຆ ັຈເ຅ຌ ແຣະ ກະ຋ັຈຨ ັຈ: ຈ໇຋ທຝຓຘຓຝຆໄ຃່
5. ຃຤າຠລວຈ຃ໆວຄ: ຘຖ ຋ທຝຓເຎັຌໄຎໄ຃່ ຋ທຝຓຄ່ນຉກຝຌຂນຉຍຸກ຋຺ຌ ຘຖ ຘຌ໇ທຆຉຝຌ
II. ຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄກາຌຉິຈຉໆລືໆລາຌ
2.1 ກາຌຉິຈຉໆລືໆລາຌ Communication
຋ກຝຌແຖກຎ໇ົຌຂ໇ຝທຈຝຌຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉ ຍຸກ຋຺ຌ ແຖຜ ກຸ໇ຓ຋຺ຌຄ໇ຝຉ ໅
2.2 ຎະເພຈຂວຄກາຌຉິຈຉໆລືໆລາຌ
1. ກາຌຉິຈຉໆລືໆລາຌ ຋ີໆ ເຎັຌພາລາ Verbal Communication
2. ກາຌຉິຈຉໆລືໆລາຌ ຋ີໆ ຍໆ ເຎັຌພາລາ Nonverbal Communication
ກຝຌຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌທ໇ເຎັຌຑຝຈຝ Verbal Communication ໄ຃່ແຍ໇ຉນນກເຎັຌ 2 ຑຝຈຝ ຋:
 ພາລາເ຤຺໇າ Speaking Communication
 ພາລາຂຽຌ Writing Communication

4. Data Business Communication and Computer Network by Novy Inkhamseng 4
຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄກາຌຉິຈຉໆລືໆລາຌ
 ກາຌລືໆລາຌເຎັຌພາລາຂຽຌ Writing Communication
1. ຊ຺຃ຘຓຝຆ ແຖຜ ຊ຺຺຃ຘຓຝຆທຸຖຜກິ຃
2. ຍັຌທຶກຑຝຆໃຌຈໆຝຌັກຉຝຌ
3. ຂໆ່຋ທຝຓທຝຉໂທຖຜຈັຍ
4. ຈິ໇ຉທ໇ໄ຃່ຊ຺຃ຍັຌທຶກໄທ່
5. ຊ຺຃ຘຓຝຆຂ໇ຝທຄ໇ຝຉ ໅
6. ຋ູ໇ຓກ໇ົທກັຍກ຺຃ຘຓຝຆ
7. ຌຜໂຆຍຝຆຄ໇ຝຉ ໅.
 ຂ໇ຈີ ແຣະ ຂ໇ເລງ ຂວຄກາຌລືໆລາຌເຎັຌພາລາເ຤຺໇າ Speaking Communication
ຂ໇ຈີ ຂວຄກາຌໃຆ໇ພາລາເ຤຺໇າ
 ຤ໆວຄໄ຤ ເຎັຌກັຌເວຄ
 ເ຦ັ ຌຏ຺ຌລະ຋໇ວຌໂຈງໄ຤
ຂ໇ເລງຂວຄກາຌໃຆ໇ພາລາເ຤຺໇າ
 ເລງເ຤ຣາໃຌກາຌເ຤຺໇າຣ຺ຠກັຌ
 ກາຌລືໆລາຌ຋ີໆ ຍໆ ໃຆ໇ພາລາ
ແຓ໇ຌກຝຌຈຜແ຃ຉນນກທຝຉຑຶ຃ຄິກໆຝ ເງັ໇ຌ:
ກາຌເ຃ືໆວຌໄ຦຤ຂວຄຨໆາຄກາງ
ຣັກລະຌະ຋ໆາ຋າຄ ລີ຦ຌ໇າ
ກາຌລືໆລາຌ຋ີໆ ລະແຈຄວວກ຋າຄພຶຈຉິກາ
 ລິຌຣະຎະໃຌກາຌລືໆລາຌ຋ີໆ ຍໆ ໄຆ໇ພາລາ
ລິຣະຎະກາຌຟັຄ Listening Skills
2.3 ຂະຍ຤ຌກາຌຉິຈຉໆລືໆລາຌ Communication Process
1. ວ ຺ຄຎະກວຍຂວຄກາຌຉິຈຉໆລືໆລາຌ
ຏູ່ຈ຺໇ຉ Sender ແຓ໇ຌຏູ່ເຖ່ຓຄ຺່ຌຂນຉກຝຌເຏຆແຏ໇ຂ໇ຝທຈຝຌ
ກຝຌໃຈ໇ຖຜຘັ຃ Encoding ແຓ໇ຌຂຜຍທຌກຝຌຄ຋ທຝຓຘຓຝຆ
ຂ໇ຝທຈຝຌ Message ແຓ໇ຌຏ຺ຌຖັຍທ໇ເກ຃ຂ່ຌຊຝກກຝຌໃຈ໇ຖຜຘັ຃ ຂ໇ຝທຈຝຌທ໇ຈ຺໇ຉໄຎໃຘ່ຏູ່ບັຍຄ່ນຉນຝໄຈຈ໇ກຝຉ
ຏູ່ບັຍ Receiver ແຓ໇ຌຍຸກ຋຺ຌທ໇ຄ່ນຉກຝຌໃຘ່ຂ໇ຝທຈຝຌຎ໇ົຌຓໄຎເ຅ຉຊຸ຃ເຎ຺່ຝຘຓຝຆ
ກຝຌ຅ນ຃ຖຜຘັ຃ Decoding ແຓ໇ຌຂຜຍທຌກຝຌແຎຈັຌຆຝຖັກທ໇ໄ຃່ບັຍໃຘ່ດູ໇ໃຌບູຍຂນຉຂ໇ຝທຈຝຌທ໇ເຂ຺່ຝໃຊ
ຈິ໇ຉຖ຺ຍກທຌ Noise ແຓ໇ຌຈິ໇ຉທ໇ຈນ຃ແງກຓຝກັຍຂ໇ຝທຈຝຌ

5. Data Business Communication and Computer Network by Novy Inkhamseng 5
຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄກາຌຉິຈຉໆລືໆລາຌ
One-Way Communication ຂຜຍທຌກຝຌຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌທ໇ຍໆ໇ເຎ຃ງ໇ນຉທຝຉ ເງັ໇ຌ: ກຝຌຒັຉເທ຃, ຎຜງຸຓ
Two-way Communication ກຝຌຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌແຍຍ 2 ງ໇ນຉທຝຉ ເງັ໇ຌ: ຋ູກັຍຌັກບົຌ
Source Information Message Media
ChannelReceiver
Effect Feed
back
Interaction

6. Data Business Communication and Computer Network by Novy Inkhamseng 6
຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄ Data Communication
III. ຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄ Data Communication
3.1 ຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄ Data Communication
ກາຌລືໆລາຌຂ໇ຠູຌ Data Communication ຘຓຝຆເ຅ິຉ ກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ ຘຖ ຂ໇ຝທຈຝຌ ຊຝກຏູ່ຈ຺໇ຉຄ຺່ຌ
ທຝຉ ໄຎຆັຉຏູ່ບັຍຎຝຆທຝຉທ໇ດູ໇ຘ໇ຝຉໄກ ໂ຃ຆຏ໇ຝຌງ໇ນຉທຝຉກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌ ເຑ໇ນເຎັຌຈ໇ກຝຉໃຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ,
ເງິ໇ຉນຝ຃ຊຜເຎັຌແຍຍໃງ່ຈຝຆ ຘຖ ຍໆ໇ໃງ່ຈຝຆກໆ໇ໄ຃່ ຈ໇ທຌຂໆ່ຓູຌຂ໇ຝທຈຝຌຌັ່ຌ ນຝ຃ຊຜເຎັຌຂໆ່຋ທຝຓຈົຉ ຑຝຍ
ເ຋໇ນຌໄຘທ ຘຖ ຂໆ່ຓູຌທ໇ເຎັຌ Multimedia ກໆ໇ໄ຃່. ຃ັ໇ຉຌັ່ຌ, ກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌຊຶ໇ຉເຎັຌຈ໇ທຌຘຌຶ໇ຉຂນຉກຝຌຈ໇
ຈຝຌໂທຖຜ຋຺ຓຓຜຌຝ຋຺ຓ ໂ຃ຆເຌັ່ຌທ໇ກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຏ໇ຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ ໂ຃ຆໃງ່ຖຜຍ຺ຍ຋ນຍຑິທເຄ ແຖຜ ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ຋ນຓ
ຑິທເຄເຎັຌຘຖັກ.
ກາຌລືໆລາຌຂ໇ຠູຌ Data Communication ເຎັຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌຂ໇ຝທຈຝຌຊຝກຄ຺່ຌທຝຉໄຎຆັຉຎຝຆທຝຉ
ໂ຃ຆຏ໇ຝຌງ໇ນຉທຝຉກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌ ທັຉຈ໇ແຍຍທ໇ຄ່ນຉໃງ່ຈຝຆ ແຖຜ ແຍຍຍໆ໇ໃງ່ຈຝຆ ຌນກຊຝກຌັ່ຌ ຆັຉກ໇ົທຂ່ນຉ
ກັຍງຜຌິ຃ຈັຌຆຝຌ ຎຜເຑ຃ຂນຉກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຈັຌຆຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ ທິທກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ ທິ຃ທຝຉກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌນຸ
ຎຜກນຌແຎຉຈັຌຆຝຌ ທິທກຝຌແຎຉຈັຌຆຝຌ.
ກາຌລືໆລາຌຂ໇ຠູຌ Data Communication ຋ ກຝຌບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉ ກຝຌໂນຌ ຘຖ ກຝຌຆ່ຝຆຂໆ່ຓູຌ ແຖຜ ຂໆ່ຓູຌ
ຂ໇ຝທຈຝຌ ຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉນຸຎຜກນຌກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ຏ໇ຝຌຈ໇ຌໆຝຂໆ່ຓູຌ.
3.2 ຃຤າຠຨູ໇຋຺ໆ ຤ໄຎກໆຽ຤ກັຍກາຌລືໆລາຌຂ໇ຠູຌ
 ກ໇ນຌທ໇ຊຜຓກຝຌໃງ່຋ນຓຑິທເຄ ກຝຌຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌເຑ໇ນຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ ແຖຜ ຂ໇ຝທຈຝຌຊຜຏ໇ຝຌທຝຉຈ໇
ຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ເງັ໇ຌ: ໄຎຈຜຌ ໂທຖຜຈັຍ ທິທຜຆຸ ຘຌັຉຈຑິຓ ທຝຖຜຈຝຌ ເຎັຌຄ຺່ຌ ຈ໇ເຘຖ຺໇ຝຌ່ ແຓ໇ຌເຎັຌຈ໇ຘຖັກໃຌ
ກຝຌຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌເຎັຌເທຖຝ຃຃຺ຌຌຝຌແຖ່ທ.
 ຆຸກທໆຝນິ຃ໃຌກຝຌຌໆຝ຋ນຓຑິທເຄຓຝໃງ່ຉຝຌ ກຝຌທໆຝຉຝຌທຸກດ໇ຝຉຊຜເຎັຌແຍຍຖທຓຈູຌໃຌ
ຌັ່ຌ ຋ ຊຜຓ຋ນຓຑິທເຄ ເງິ໇ຉເຎັຌເ຋໇ນຉຘຖັກທໆຝຉຝຌທ໇ຈູຌກຝຉຉຝຌຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ຊຜຈ຺໇ຉຓຝຎຜຓທຌທ໇ຈູຌກຝຉ.
 ຆຸກຄໆ໇ຓຝ ໄ຃່ຑັ຃ທຜຌຝເຎັຌຖຜຍ຺ຍຎຜຓທຌຏ຺ຌທຝຉໄກ ເງິ໇ຉຊຜຎຜກນຍໄຎ຃່ທຆ Terminal (ເຎັຌ
ຄ຺ທຎຜຓທຌຏ຺ຌ) ທ໇ຊຜເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ກັຍ຋ນຓຑິທເຄທ໇ຈູຌກຝຉ ຖຜຍ຺ຍຌ່ເ຅ິຉແຓ໇ຌທ໇ຝຊຜຓກຝຌກຜຊຝຆກຝຌໃງ່
ຉຝຌກັຍຏູ່ໃງ່ທ໇ດູ໇ຘ໇ຝຉໄກ ແຄ໇ຖຜຍ຺ຍທໆຝຉຝຌກໆ໇ຆັຉຖທຓຈູຌດູ໇ທ໇຋ນຓຑິທເຄກຝຉຂນຉນ຺ຉກຝຌດູ໇ຌັ່ຌເນຉ.
 ເຓ໇ນຓກຝຌຌໆຝ Micro-Computer ຓຝໃງ່ຉຝຌ ໄ຃່ເບັ຃ໃຘ່ເກ຃ກຝຌທໆຝຉຝຌແຍຍກຜຊຝຆຈູຌ
ດ໇ຝຉງັ຃ເຊຌ ແຖຜ ແຏ໇ຘຖຝຆຂຶ່ຌເຖ່ນຆ ໅ ໃຌເທຖຝ຃ົທກັຌ ຘຝກຓຉຝຌທ໇ງັຍງ່ນຌ ແຖຜ ຍໆ໇ຈຝຓຝ຃ທໆຝ
ຉຝຌໄ຃່ ໂ຃ຆ Micro-Computer ກໆ໇ຈຝຓຝ຃ທ໇ຊຜຎຜຓທຌຏ຺ຌຑຝຆໃຄ່຋ນຓຑິທເຄທ໇ຈູຌກຝຌໄ຃່ ເງິ໇ຉຊຜເຘັຌ
ທ໇ຝ ກຝຌທໆຝຉຝຌ຃ັ໇ຉກ໇ຝທເຎັຌບູຍແຍຍກຝຌຎຜຓທຌຏ຺ຌແຍຍກຜຊຝຆ.
 ໃຌງ໇ທຉທໆຝນິ຃ ຊຜທໆຝຉຝຌເຎັຌເນກຜເທ຃ (ເນກຜງ຺ຌ) ໂ຃ຆເຎັຌບູຍແຍຍກຝຌທໆຝຉຝຌແຍຍ
ກຜຊຝຆຈູຌຌັ່ຌ ຋: ຍໆ໇ຓກຝຌເງ໇ນຓໂຆຉເ຅ິຉກັຌ ຊ຺ຌກຜທັ່ຉເກ຃ຖຜຍ຺ຍ LAN ກຝຌທໆຝຉຝຌໃ຃ ໅ ຊຜທໆຝໂ຃ຆ
ເຊ຺່ຝຂນຉຉຝຌ ເງິ໇ຉເຎັຌຄ຺່ຌທຝຉຂນຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ ເຑ໇ນກຝຌຎຜຓທຌຏ຺ຌ ແຄ໇ໃຌເທຖຝ຃ົທກັຌຌັ່ຌ ກໆ໇ຈຝຓຝ຃
ເງ໇ນຓໂຆຉກັຍຏູ່ໃງ່ໃຌຊຸ຃ຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ທ໇ດູ໇ຘ໇ຝຉກັຌໄ຃່ ເບັ຃ກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌໃຌຈໆຝຌັກຉຝຌໃຌຓ຋ທຝຓຈຜ຃ທກ
ແຖຜ ເຎັຌເ຋໇ນຉ ຓຈໆຝ຋ັຌຂນຉກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌໃຌຈໆຝຌັກຉຝຌຎັ຃ຊຸຍັຌຌ່.

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IV. ຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄ Computer Network
ເ຃ືວຂໆາງ຃ວຠພິ຤ເຉີ (Computer Network) ແຓ໇ຌເຎັຌກຝຌເງ໇ນຓໂຆຉ຋ນຓຑິທເຄ ຄັ່ຉແຄ໇ຈນຉ
ເ຋໇ນຉຂຶ່ຶຌໄຎ ເຑ໇ນຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌແຖກຎ໇ົຌຂໆ່ຓູຌຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉກັຌ ໂ຃ຆທ຺໇ທໄຎຊຜຎຜກນຍ຃່ທຆຖຜຍ຺ຍ຋ນຓຑິທເຄ
ງ໇ນຉທຝຉກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ ແຖຜ ນຸຎຜກນຌທ໇ໃງ່ເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ ຌນກຊຝກຌັ່ຌ ຆັຉຓແຍຍຊໆຝຖນຉ ເງິ໇ຉເຎັຌຖຜ
ຍ຺ຍເຎ຃ ເຑ໇ນເຎັຌແຌທທຝຉຓຝ຃ຄຜ຅ຝຌ ເຑ໇ນໃຘ່ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ຋ນຓຑິທເຄຄ໇ຝຉຖຜຍ຺ຍກັຌ ທໆຝຉຝຌ
ບ໇ທຓກັຌໄ຃່.
ເ຃ືວຂໆາງ຃ວຠພິ຤ເຉີ (Computer Network) ຋ກຝຌຌໆຝເ຋໇ນຉ຋ນຓຑິທເຄ ແຄ໇ 2 ເ຋໇ນຉຂຶ່ຌໄຎ ຓຝໃງ່
ໃຌກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ.
V. ຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄ Telecommunication
ກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌໂທຖຜ຋຺ຓຓຜຌຝ຋຺ຓ (Telecommunication) ຘຓຝຆເ຅ິຉ ກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຏ໇ຝຌຈັຌຆຝຌ ຘຖ ຑຜ
ຖັຉຉຝຌ ເງິ໇ຉນຝ຃ຊຜເຎັຌຂ໇ຝທຈຝຌ ຘຖ ຂໆ່ຓູຌໃຌບູຍແຍຍຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉຏູ່ຈ຺໇ຉ ແຖຜ ຏູ່ບັຍທ໇ດູ໇ຘ໇ຝຉໄກ
ກັຌໃຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຏ໇ຝຌຈັຌຆຝຌ ຊຜນຝໃຈງ໇ນຉທຝຉກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ ເງິ໇ຉຊຜເຎັຌແຍຍໃງ່ຈຝຆ ຘຖ ແຍຍຍໆ໇ໃງ່
ຈຝຆ ໂ຃ຆຈ຺໇ຉຈັຌຆຝຌຏ໇ຝຌງັ່ຌຍັຌຆຝກຝ຃ ເງັ໇ຌ: ກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌໂ຃ຆກຝຌໃງ່ໂທຖຜທັ຃ (Tele-Phone) ກຝຌ
ແຏ໇ຑຝຍໂທຖຜທັ຃ (Tele-Vision) ໂທຖຜເຖກ (Tele-Graph) ເຎັຌຄ຺່ຌ.
ກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌໂທຖຜ຋຺ຓຓຜຌຝ຋຺ຓ (Telecommunication) ຘຓຝຆເ຅ິຉ ກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌໄຖຆຜທຝຉ
ໄກໃຌບູຍແຍຍຈັຌຆຝຌນເຖັກໂທຕຌິກ, ຎັ຃ຊຸຍັຌກຝຌ຅໇ຝຆທນ຃ຈັຌຆຝຌຈ໇ທຌໃຘຆ໇ ດູ໇ໃຌບູຍແຍຍ຃ຊຄ໊ນຌ
ໂ຃ຆໃງ່຋ນຓຑິທເຄໃຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ ຊຝກຈຜ຅ຝຌທ໇ຘຌຶ໇ຉໄຎຆັຉນກຈຜ຅ຝຌທ໇ຘຌຶ໇ຉ.
5.1 ວ ຺ຄຎະກວຍຂວຄ Telecommunication
 ເ຋໇ນຉ຋ນຓຑິທເຄໃງ່ຈໆຝຖັຍຎຜຓທຌຏ຺ຌ
 ເ຋໇ນຉ Terminal ໃງ່ຈໆຝຖັຍບັຍ ຘຖ ຈຜແ຃ຉຏ຺ຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ
 ງ໇ນຉທຝຉຈ໇ຈຝຌ
 ນຸຎຜກນຌຈ໇ຈຝຌ
 ຈັນຍແທໃງ່ໃຌກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌ
5.2 ວ ຺ຄຎະກວຍຂວຄ Data Communication
ຏູ໇ລ຺ໆຄ ຦ຣື ວຸຎະກວຌລ຺ໆຄຂ໇ຠູຌ
(Sender)
ຏູ໇ຨ ັຍ ຦ຣື ວຸຎະກວຌຨ ັຍຂ໇
ຠູຌ (Receiver)
ຏູ່ຈ຺໇ຉ ຘຖ ນຸຎຜກນຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ (Sender)
ຏູ່ບັຍ ຘຖ ນຸຎຜກນຌບັຍຂໆ່ຓູຌ (Receiver)
ຂ໇ຝທຈຝຌ (Message)
ຄ຺ທກຝຉ (Medium)
ໂຎຕໂຄ຋ນຌ (Protocol)
ງັນຍແທ (Software)
ຂໆ່ຓູຌ (Data)
ຂໆ່຋ທຝຓ (Text)
ບູຍຑຝຍ (Image)
ຈົຉ (Voice)
ຂໆ່ຓູຌ/ ຂ໇ຝທຈຝຌ
ຄ຺ທກຝຉ (Medium)

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5.3 ກາຌລືໆລາຌຂ໇ຠູຌຂໆາ຤ລາຌ Data Communication
ຉ຺຤ມໆາຄກາຌລືໆລາຌຂ໇ຠູຌ
 ເຎັຌຘຆັຉຊຶ໇ຉຄ່ນຉຓກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌ?
 ກຝຌແຖກຎ໇ົຌຂໆ່ຓູຌຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉ ຈນຉນຸຎຜກນຌຏ໇ຝຌຄ຺ທກຝຉຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌທ໇ໃງ່ໃຌກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌແຓ໇ຌຘຆັຉ?
 ຈ໇ທຌຎຜກນຍຂນຉຖຜຍ຺ຍກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌຓຘຆັຉແ຃໇?
5.4 ຎັຈໄ຅຋ີໆ ຃຤ຌ຃າຌຶຄເຊິຄກາຌເຣືວກຉ຺຤ກາຄ
 ນັ຃ຄຝ຋ທຝຓໄທໃຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຏ໇ຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ (Transmission Rate)
 ໄຖຆຜທຝຉຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉ ນຸຎຜກນຌທ໇ຄ່ນຉກຝຌເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇
 ຋໇ຝໃງ່ຊ໇ຝຆ ເງິ໇ຉເຎັຌ຋໇ຝໃງ່ຊ໇ຝຆໃຌກຝຌຄິ຃ຄັ່ຉ ຋໇ຝໃງ່ຊ໇ຝຆຎຜຊໆຝ ແຖຜ ຋໇ຝຍໆຝຖຸຉບັກຈຝ
 ຋ທຝຓຈຜ຃ທກໃຌກຝຌຄິ຃ຄັ່ຉ ຍຝຉຑ່ຌທ໇ນຝ຃ຊຜເຘຓຝຜກັຍກຝຌເ຃ຌຈຝຆ ຘຖ ຍຝຉຑ່ຌທ໇
ນຝ຃ຊຜເຘຓຝຜກັຍກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌແຍຍຍໆ໇ໃງ່ຈຝຆ
 ຋ທຝຓທ຺ຌທຝຌຄໆ໇ຈຜຑຝຍແທ຃ຖ່ນຓ
 ທິທທ໇ໃງ່ໃຌກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌ ເງັ໇ຌ: ກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌແຍຍຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ໃຌທິ຃ທຝຉທ໇ໃງ່ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌແຍຍ
ເຎັຌທຝຉ຃ົທ ກິ໇ຉຈນຉທຝຉ ຘຖ ແຍຍຈນຉທຝຉ ເຎັຌຄ຺່ຌ.
5.5 ຎະເພຈຂວຄລ ັຌງາຌ຋ີໆ ໃຆ໇ໃຌກາຌລືໆລາຌຂ໇ຠູຌ
ຈັຌຆຝຌເນຌຝຖ້ນກ ຋: ຈັຌຆຝຌທ໇ດູ໇ໃຌບູຍແຍຍຂນຉ຋່ຌ (Waveform) ທ໇ຓ຋ທຝຓຄໆ໇ເຌ໇ນຉກັຌ
(Continuous) ຓກຝຌຎ໇ົຌແຎຉຖຜ຃ັຍຂນຉຈັຌຆຝຌຂຶ່ຌ-ຖ຺ຉຄຝຓຂຜຘຌຝ຃ຂນຉຈັຌຆຝຌ (Amplitude)
ແຖຜ ຓ຋ທຝຓ຅໇ (Frequency) ທ໇ເນ່ຌທ໇ຝ: Hertz (Hz) ຄ຺ທດ໇ຝຉ: ຈັຌຆຝຌເນຌຝຖ້ນກ ເງັ໇ຌ: ຈົຉເທ຺່ຝ (Voice)
ກຜແຈໄຒຒ່ຝຈຜຘຖັຍ ເຎັຌຄ຺່ຌ.
 ລັຌງາຌຈີ຅ິຉ່ວຌ (Digital Signal)
ຈັຌຆຝຌ຃ຊິຄ້ນຌ ຘຖ (Pulse Signal) ແຓ໇ຌເຎັຌຈັຌຆຝຌທ໇ຓຖຜຍ຺ຍຂນຉຈັຌຆຝຌຑົຉ 2 ຖຜ຃ັຍ ຋:
ຈູຉ ແຖຜຄໆ໇ຝ ກຝຌຎ໇ົຌຖຜ຃ັຍຈັຌຆຝຌຊຜຍໆ໇ຓ຋ທຝຓຄໆ໇ເຌ໇ນຉກັຌ (Discrete) ໂ຃ຆຎ຺ກກຜຄິແຖ່ທ ຖຜ຃ັຍຈູຉ
ຊຜແທຌ຃່ທຆຄ຺ທເຖກ 1 ແຖຜຖຜ຃ັຍຄໆ໇ຝຊຜແທຌ຃່ທຆ 0.
ໂຓເ຃ັຓຊຜແຎຉຈັຌຆຝຌ
ຊຝກ Digital ເຎັຌ Analog
ໂຓເ຃ັຓຊຜແຎຉຈັຌຆຝຌ
ຊຝກ Analog ເຎັຌ Digital

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5.6 ຆະຌິຈຂວຄລ ັຌງາຌ຋ີໆ ໃຆ໇ໃຌກາຌລືໆລາຌຂ໇ຠູຌ
 ໃຌກາຌລ຺ໆຄຂ໇ຠູຌເຎັຌລັຌງາຌເວຌາຣ່ວກຌັ໇ຌ ເຓ໇ນໄຖຆຜທຝຉໃຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌເຑ່ຓຂຶ່ຌເຖ່ນຆ
໅ ຊຜຈ຺໇ຉຏ຺ຌໃຘ່ຑຜຖັຉຉຝຌຂນຉຈັຌຆຝຌນ໇ນຌຖ຺ຉເຖ່ນຆ ໅ ຃ັ໇ຉຌັ່ຌ, ໃຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌເຎັຌຈັຌຆຝຌເນຌຝ
ຖ້ນກທ໇ຓໄຖຆຜທຝຉໄກ ໅ ຊຶ໇ຉຊໆຝເຎັຌຄ່ນຉທເ຋໇ນຉຂຜຘຆຝຆຈັຌຆຝຌ (Amplifier) ເຑ໇ນເຑ່ຓຑຜຖັຉຉຝຌ
ໃຘ່ກັຍຈັຌຆຝຌ ແຄ໇ຂໆ່ເຈຆຂນຉກຝຌໃງ່ເ຋໇ນຉຂຜຘຆຝຆຈັຌຆຝຌ ຋ ຊຜເບັ຃ໃຘ່ເກ຃ຈັຌຆຝຌຖ຺ຍກທຌ
(Noise). ຃ັ໇ຉຌັ່ຌ, ຊຶ໇ຉຊໆຝເຎັຌຄ່ນຉໃງ່ທ຺ຉຊນຌບນຉຈັຌຆຝຌ (Filter) ເຑ໇ນດຶ຃຋ນຉເນ຺ຝຈັຌຆຝຌຖ຺ຍກທຌນນກ.
 ລໆ຤ຌລັຌງາຌຈີ຅ີຉ່ວຌ ເຓ໇ນເຑ່ຓໄຖຆຜທຝຉໃຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂຶ່ຌ ຊຜຈ຺໇ຝຉຏ຺ຌໃຘ່ຈັຌຆຝຌ຃ິຊຄ້ນຌ
ຊຝຉຘຝຆໄຎ (ຎ໇ົຌຊຝກ 1 ເຎັຌ 0). ຃ັ໇ຉຌັ່ຌ, ຊຶ໇ຉຊໆຝເຎັຌຄ່ນຉໃງ່ເ຋໇ນຉທທຌຈັຌຆຝຌ (Repeater) ໃຌກຝຌກູ່
ຂໆ່ຓູຌ຋ຌຓຝແຖ່ທ ຊຶ໇ຉຈ຺໇ຉຈັຌຆຝຌນນກໄຎໃຘຓ໇.
 ລັຌງາຌເວຌາຣ່ວກ (Analog signal)
- ເຎັຌຈັຌຆຝຌແຍຍຄໆ໇ເຌ໇ນຉ ເງັ໇ຌ: ຈັຌຆຝຌຈົຉໃຌຈຝຆໂທຖຜຈັຍ
- ຂ໇ຈີ ຃ື: ຈ຺໇ຉໄຖຆຜໄກໄ຃່
- ຂ໇ເລງ ຃ື: ຈັຌຆຝຌ຅ກຖ຺ຍກທຌໄ຃່ຉ໇ຝຆ ຂໆ່ຓູຌຏິ຃ຑຝ຃ໄ຃່
 ລັຌງາຌຈີ຅ີຉ່ວຌ (Digital Signal)
- ຈັຌຆຝຌດູ໇ໃຌບູຍຂນຉຄ຺ທເຖກ຅ຝຌຈນຉ ຋: 0 ແຖຜ 1
- ໃງ່ໃຌຖຜຍ຺ຍ຋ນຓຑິທເຄ
- ຂ໇ຈີ ຃ື: ແຓ໇ຌດໆຝ ຓ຋ທຝຓຘຌ່ຝເງ໇ນ຅ຈູຉ
- ຂ໇ເລງ ຃ື: ຏິ຃ຑຝ຃ໄ຃່ຉ໇ຝຆ ຅່ຝເຎັຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉໄຖຆຜໄກ

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5.7 ຎະເພຈຂວຄກາຌຨ ັຍ-ລ ຺ໆຄລ ັຌງາຌຂ໇ຠູຌ
 ແຍຍຂະ຦ຌາຌ (Parallel transmission)
ບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ຋ັ່ຉຖຜຘຖຝຆ ໅ ຍິ຃ຑ່ນຓກັຌ
ຊໆຝຌທຌຂນຉຈຝຆຈ໇ຈຝຌເທ຺໇ຝກັຍຊໆຝຌທຌຍິ຃ຂນຉ
ຂໆ່ຓູຌທ໇ຄ່ນຉກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉໄຎແຍຍຂຜຘຌຝຌກັຌ
ເຈຆ຋໇ຝໃງ່ຊ໇ຝຆຘຖຝກທ໇ຝກຝຌບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌທຝຉງ໇
ຍໆ໇ຈຝຓຝ຃ຈ຺໇ຉໄຎໃຌໄຖຆຜທຝຉທ໇ໄກ ໅ ໄ຃່ ເຌ໇ນຉ
ຊຝກຂໆ່ຓູຌແຄ໇ຖຜງຜຌິ຃ນຝ຃ໄຎເ຅ິຉ ຎຝຆທຝຉຍໆ໇ຑ່ນຓ
ກັຌ ໄທກທ໇ຝກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉແຍຍທຝຉງ໇
ຌິຆ຺ຓໃງ່ໃຌກຝຌບັຍຈ຺໇ຉຑົຉໄກ່ ໅ ເງັ໇ຌ: ກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່
ຓູຌນນກໄຎຑິຓທ໇ເ຋໇ນຉຑິຓເຎັຌຄ຺່ຌ.
 ແຍຍເລັ໇ຌຆືໆ (Serial Transmission)
ບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ຋ັ່ຉຖຜ 1 ຍິ຃ ຖົຉຄຝຓຖໆຝ຃ັຍກຝຌໄຎ
ໃງ່ຈຝຆຈ໇ຈຝຌຑົຉເຈັ່ຌ຃ົຉເທ຺໇ຝຌັ່ຌ
ຈຝຓຝ຃ຈ຺໇ຉໄຎໄ຃່ໃຌໄຖຆຜທຝຉທ໇ໄກ ໅
ຌິຆ຺ຓໃງ່ໃຌກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌຏ໇ຝຌທຝຉຈຝຆໂທຖຜ
ຈັຍ ເຓ຺ຝຈ໋ ແຖຜ COM-Port.
 ແຍຍຆືໆຉໆເຌືໆ ວຄ  ແຍຍຂະ຦ຌາຌ
 ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ຋ັ່ຉຖຜ 1 bit ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌໄ຃່ງ່ຝ
 ຖຝ຋ຝ຅ກໃງ່ໃຌກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉໂທຖຜທັ຃
 ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ຋ັ່ຉຖຜຘຖຝຆ bit ຂຜຘຌຝຌກັຌໄຎ ເບັ຃
ໃຘ່ໄທກທ໇ຝແຍຍງ໇ຄໆ໇ເຌ໇ນຉ
 ໃງ່ໃຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉ ຋ນຓຑິທເຄ
ນຸຎຜກນຌບັຍ ເງັ໇ຌ:
ຘຌ໇ທຆ຋ທຝຓຊໆຝ
ກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌແຍຍ
ຂຜຘຌຝຌ
ນຸຎຜກນຌຈ຺໇ຉ ເງັ໇ຌ:
CPU
Bit
ນຸຎຜກນຌບັຍ
ຂໆ່ຓູຌແຍຍເຈັ່ຌງ໇
ຎ໇ົຌຊຝກເຈັ່ຌງ໇
ເຎັຌຂຜຘຌຝຌ
ຎ໇ົຌຊຝກເຈັ່ຌງ໇
ເຎັຌຂຜຘຌຝຌ
ນຸຎຜກນຌຈ຺໇ຉກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌແຍຍເຈັ່ຌງ໇

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 Asynchronous
1. ຍໆ໇ຓຊັຉຘທຜໃຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ ແຄ໇ຓງ໇ນຉທຝຉໃຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉ (gap) ແຖຜ ຈັຌຆຝຌ ຌນກຊຸ຃ເຖ່ຓຄ຺່ຌ
(start bit) ແຖຜ ຊຸ຃ຈິ່ຌຈຸ຃ຂນຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ (stop bit)
2. ເງັ໇ຌ: ກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌຂນຉແຎ່ຌຑິຓ ແຖຜ ໂຓເ຃ັຓ
3. ຓກຝຌໃຘ່ຊັຉຘທຜ ໂ຃ຆໃງ່ຈັຌຆຝຌໂຓຉເຎັຌຄ຺ທຍນກຊັຉຘທຜ
4. ຌິຆ຺ຓໃງ່ກັຍກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌທ໇ຓກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌຎຜຖິຓຝຌຘຖທຉຘຖຝຆ຃່ທຆ຋ທຝຓໄທຈູຉ
ຓບູຍ
5.8 ຋ິຈ຋າຄກາຌລືໆລາຌຂ໇ຠູຌ (Direction of data Flow)
 ທິ຃ທຝຉຂນຉຈັຌຆຝຌທ໇ເ຃ຌທຝຉຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉ ຈນຉນຸຎຜກນຌ ເຑ໇ນຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ
 ແຍຍ຋າຄຈຽ຤ (Simplex Transmission)
ຏູ່ຈ຺໇ຉ ຈຝຓຝ຃ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌໄ຃່ຑົຉທຝຉ຃ົທເທ຺໇ຝຌັ່ຌ, ຏູ່ບັຍຍໆ໇ຈຝຓຝ຃ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌຄນຍກັຍຓຝໄ຃່
ເງັ໇ຌ: ກຝຌກຜຊຝຆຈົຉທຝຉທິທຜຆຸ ແຖຜ ກຝຌແຏ໇ຑຝຍທຝຉໂທຖຜທັ຃.

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 ແຍຍ຋າຄໃຈ຋າຄ຦ຌຶໆ ຄ (Half-duplex Transmission)
ແຄ໇ຖຜຐ໇ຝຆຈຝຓຝ຃ ບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌໄ຃່ ແຄ໇ຊຜຍໆ໇ຈຝຓຝ຃ເບັ຃ໄ຃່ໃຌເທຖຝ຃ົທກັຌ ເງັ໇ຌ: ກຝຌ
ໃງ່ທິທຜຆຸຈ໇ຈຝຌຂນຉຄໆຝຘຖທ຃ ກຜ຃ຝຌຈ຺ຌທຜຌຝ (Wed board) E-Mail ເຎັຌຄ຺່ຌ.
 ແຍຍລວຄ຋າຄເຉັຠວ ັຈຉາ (Full-duplex Transmission)
ຈຝຓຝ຃ບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌໄ຃່ນຓກັຌທັຉຈນຉທຝຉ ຄ຺ທດ໇ຝຉ: ກຝຌຖ຺ຓໂທຖຜຈັຍ ກຝຌຈ຺ຌທຜຌຝ
ນນຌໄຖໃຌຘ່ນຉຈ຺ຌທຜຌຝ (Chart Room) ເຎັຌຄ຺່ຌ.
5.9 ຎະເພຈຂວຄກາຌຨ ັຍ-ລ ຺ໆຄລ ັຌງາຌຂ໇ຠູຌ
Asynchronous Transmission
ເຑ່ຓຍິ຃຋ທຍ຋ຸຓ ເງັ໇ຌ: ເຖ່ຓຍິ຃ (Start Bit), ດຸ຃ຍິ຃ (Stop Bit) ແຖຜ ເທ຺໇ຝທົຓຍິ຃ (Parity Bit)
ເຑ໇ນໃງ່ແຍ໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌນນກເຎັຌ 1 ຄ຺ທ ຖັກຈຜຌຜ (1 Character) ຋ທຝຓໄທໃຌກຝຌບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌຊຜງ່ຝ ເຌ໇ນຉ
ຓຝຊຝກຄ່ນຉຓກຝຌເຑ່ຓທັຉ 3 ຍິ຃ຌັ່ຌຖ຺ຉໄຎຆັຉຄ຺ທນັກ຋ຜຖຜທຸກຄ຺ທ ຑ຺ຍກຝຌບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌແຍຍຌ່ ໄ຃່ໃຌນຸ
ຎຜກນຌທ໇ຓ຋ທຝຓໄທໃຌກຝຌບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌຄໆ໇ຝ ເງັ໇ຌ: Modem, Keyboard ເຎັຌຄ຺່ຌ.

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຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄ Telecommunication
Synchronous Transmission
ເຑ່ຓໄຎທ໇ເຎັຌຘ຺ທເຖ໇ນຉ (Header Trailer) ແຖຜ ເທ຺໇ຝທົຓຍິ຃ (Parity Bit) ໄທ່ທ໇ຈ໇ທຌຘ຺ທ ແຖຜ
ທ່ຝຆຂນຉແຑ຃ເກ຃ຂໆ່ຓູຌ ເບັ຃ໃຘ່ຈຝຓຝ຃ບັຍຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌໄ຃່ເຎັຌຊໆຝຌທຌຘຖທຉຘຖຝຆ ເງິ໇ຉກຝຌບັຍຂໆ່ຓູຌຌັ່ຌ
ທັຉຐັ໇ຉບັຍ-ຐັ໇ຉຈ຺໇ຉ ຊຜຄ່ນຉທໆຝຉຝຌໃຘ່ຈນ຃຋໇ນຉ ໂ຃ຆໃງ່ຈັຌຆຝຌໂຓຉ (Clock) ທ໇ຓ຋ທຝຓ຅໇ເທ຺໇ຝກັຌ ຘຝກ
ໃງ່຋ທຝຓ຅໇ຍໆ໇ເທ຺໇ຝກັຌຊຜເບັ຃ໃຘ່ກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌທ໇ຏິ຃ຑຝ຃ ທິທຌ່ຊຜເຘຓຝຜກັຍຖຜຍ຺ຍທ໇ຄ່ນຉກຝຌຓກຝຌບັຍ
-ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌຄຜຘຖນ຃ເທຖຝ.
5.10ຉ຺຤ກາຄລືໆລາຌຂ໇ຠູຌ (Communication Media)
 ຆໆວຄ຋າຄ ທ໇ໃງ່ເຎັຌທຝຉເ຃ຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ (Media/Channel)
 ຉ຺຤ກາຄ ທ໇ໃງ່ເຑ໇ນຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌຓ 2 ງຜຌິ຃ ຋:
- ຓຈຝຆ
- ຍໆ໇ຓຈຝຆ
 ແຉໆຣະຆະຌິຈ ຓ຋ທຝຓ຅໇ຄ໇ຝຉກັຌ ເນ່ຌທ໇ຝ: ແຍຌທິ຃ທ (Bandwidth)
 ຃຤າຠຊີໆ ຂນຉງ໇ນຉຈັຌຆຝຌຊຜຎັຌຄ຺ທກໆຝຌ຺຃຋ທຝຓຍັຌຊຸຂໆ່ຓູຌ ທ໇ຈ຺໇ຉໄຎໃຌງ໇ທຉເທຖຝຘຌຶ໇ຉ ຓ
ຘຌ໇ທຆເຎັຌ (Bits per second: bps)
 ຊ໇າຠີ (band width) ຈູຉກໆ໇ຊຜບັຍຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌໄ຃່ຘຖຝຆຂຶ່ຌ
- ແຍຍໃງ່ຈຝຆ (Cabling)
 Coaxial cable
 Twisted pair
 Optical fiber cable
- ແຍຍຍໆ໇ໃງ່ຈຝຆ
 Infrared
 Radio wave
 Terrestrial microwave
 Satellite communication
 ລາງໂ຃ເວເຆງ (Coaxial cable)
- ຋່ຝຆ຋ກັຍຈຝຆຈັຌຆຝຌໂທຖຜທັ຃
- ຖຝ຋ຝແຑຉ
- ຎ່ນຉກັຌ຋່ຌຖ຺ຍກທຌໄ຃່຃, ຋ທຝຓໄທຄໆ໇ຝ
- UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
- STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)

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຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄ Telecommunication
 ລາງ຃ູໆຉີກ໇ຽ຤ (Twisted pair)
- ຋່ຝຆ຋ຈຝຆໄຒຒ່ຝ ເຘຓຝຜກັຍໄຖຆຜຈັ່ຌ
- ແຍຍຓຂຜຌທຌຘຸ່ຓ
- ແຖຜຍໆ໇ຓຊຜຌທຌຘຸ່ຓ
 ລາງໄຟໄຍໂວວວຍຉິກ Optical fiber cable
- ໃງ່ແຈຉໃຌກຝຌຌໆຝຂໆ່ຓູຌຏ໇ຝຌທໆ໇ຌໆຝແຈຉ
- ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌໄ຃່ໄທ
- ຖຝ຋ຝແຑຉ
- ຈັຌຆຝຌຖ຺ຍກທຌຄໆ໇ຝຈຸ຃
 ວິຌຟຢາເຢຈ (Infrared)
- ໃງ່ໃຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌໄຆຖຜໄກ່ ໅ ເງັ໇ຌ: Remote Control ທິທຜຆຸ/ເທຍ/TV
- ຋ທຝຓ຅໇ຈັ່ຌ ງ໇ນຉທຝຉກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຌ່ນຆ
- ຋ທຝຓໄທຎຜຓຝຌ4-16 Mbps
- ທຜຖຸຏ໇ຝຌທັ຃຅ຸຍໆ໇ໄ຃່ ຄ່ນຉທຝຉເຈັ່ຌງ໇ຍໆ໇ເກຌ 1-2 ແຓັ຃
 ຃ື໇ຌ຤ິ຋ະງຸ (Frequency)
- ຓຘຖຝຆງຜຌິ຃ ເງັ໇ຌ: Bluetooth, VHF, UHF
- ຋ທຝຓ຅໇ແຄກຄ໇ຝຉກັຌໄຎ ໃງ່ໃຌກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌໄຖຆຜໄກ່
- ຋ທຝຓໄທຄໆ໇ຝຎຜຓຝຌ 2 Mbps
- ຍໆ໇ຊໆຝເຎັຌຄ່ນຉດູ໇ແຌທທຝຉ຃ົທກັຍຊຸ຃ຈ຺໇ຉຏ໇ຝຌທັ຃຅ຸຂທຝຉກັ່ຌໄທ່

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຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄ Telecommunication
 ຃ື໇ຌໄຠໂກຢເ຤ຍ (Frequency of Microwave)
- ເຎັຌ຋່ຌທິທຜຆຸງຜຌິ຃ຘຌຶ໇ຉ ທ໇ຓ຋ທຝຓ຅໇ຈູຉຖຜ຃ັຍ GHz
- ເຎັຌ຋່ຌຈັ່ຌຄ຺ຉໃຌຖຜ຃ັຍຈຝຆຄຝ
- ຄ່ນຉຓຊຝຌບັຍຈ຺໇ຉຄຝຓຆນ຃ຄຶກ/ເຂ຺່ຝເຑ໇ນຈ຺໇ຉຈັຌຆຝຌຄໆ໇
- ຋ທຝຓໄທຈູຉ ຄິ຃ຄັ່ຉຉ໇ຝຆ ຎຜຘດັ຃
- ຈຜຑຝຍຑຝທຜນຝກຝ຃ຓຏ຺ຌຄໆ໇ຈັຌຆຝຌ
 ຈາ຤຋ຽຠ (Satellite)
- ຋ຈຜ຅ຝຌຌໄຓໂກຕເທຍຖນຆຒ່ຝ ທ໇ບັຍຈັຌຆຝຌຊຝກໂຖກ
- ຃ຝທທົຓ 3 ຃ທຉກໆ໇຋ທຍ຋ຸຓໂຖກໄ຃່ຘຓ຺຃
- ຋໇ຝນຸຎຜກນຌຄິ຃ຄັ່ຉຍໆຖິກຝຌແຑຉ
- ຋ທຝຓໄທໃຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ຋໇ນຌຂ່ຝຉງ່ຝ (166-400 Kbps)

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຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄເ຃ືວຂໆາງ຃ວຠພິ຤ເຉີ
5.11 ວຸຎະກວຌລາຣັຍກາຌລືໆລາຌ
1. ເ຋໇ນຉເທິຌຓຌ໊ນຌ (Terminal)
2. ໂຓເ຃ັຓ (Modem)
3. ເ຋໇ນຉທທຌຈັຌຆຝຌ (Repeater)
4. ເ຋໇ນຉຂຜຘຆຝຆຈັຌຆຝຌ (Amplifier)
 ໂຓເ຃ັຓ: Modem (Modulator/Demodulator)
 Modulator ຄ຺ທແຎຉຈັຌຆຝຌ຃ຊິຄ໊ນຌ ເຎັຌເນຌຝຖ໊ນກ
 Demodulator ຄ຺ທແຎຉຈັຌຆຝຌເນຌຝຖ໊ນກ ຓຝເຎັຌ຃ຊິຄ໊ນຌ
 ນຸຎຜກນຌທ໇ໃງ່ເຑ໇ນຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉ ຋ນຓຑິທເຄຏ໇ຝຌຈຝຆໂທຖຜຈັຍ
 ຓຈນຉແຍຍ ຋ ແຍຍພາງຌວກ ແຖຜ ແຍຍພາງໃຌ
VI. ຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄເ຃ືວຂໆາງ຃ວຠພິ຤ເຉີ
ກຝຌຌໆຝເນ຺ຝ຋ນຓຑິທເຄຘຖຝຆ ໅ ເ຋໇ນຉຓຝຄໆ໇ເງ໇ນຓໂຆຉໃຘ່ຓກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉກັຌໄ຃່
ກຝຌແຍ໇ຉໃງ່ຉຝຌນຸຎຜກນຌ ແຖຜ ຂໆ່ຓູຌຄ໇ຝຉ ໅
ກຝຌໂນຌຆ່ຝຆຂໆ່ຓູຌ ກຝຌຌໆຝຂໆ່ຓູຌຓຝແຍ໇ຉກັຌໃງ່ຉຝຌ
ແຍ໇ຉກັຌໃງ່ງັຍຑຜຆຝກນຌ ເງັ໇ຌ: CPU, HDD, Software ແຖຜ ນຸຎຜກນຌນ໇ຌ ໅ ທ໇ຖຝ຋ຝແຑຉ ຘຖ
ຍໆ໇ຈຝຓຝ຃ຊັ຃ຘຝໃຘ່ທຸກ຋຺ຌໄ຃່
VII. ເຎ຺໇າ຦ຠາງຂວຄເ຃ືວຂໆາງ຃ວຠພິ຤ເຉີ
ກຝຌໃງ່ງັຍຑຜຆຝກນຌ Hardware and Software ບ໇ທຓກັຌ. ເຌ໇ນຉຊຝກຖຝ຋ຝຂ່ນຌຂ່ຝຉຈູຉ ຊຶ໇ຉ
ຌໆຝຓຝໃງ່ບ໇ທຓກັຌເຎັຌຈ໇ທຌກຝຉ.
ໃງ່ຂໆ່ຓູຌບ໇ທຓກັຌໄ຃່ ຈໆຝຖັຍທຸກ຋຺ຌທ໇ດູ໇ໃຌຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ. ໂ຃ຆຍໆ໇ຄ່ນຉຈ຺ຌໃຊທ໇ຝຂໆ່ຓູຌເຘຖ຺໇ຝຌ່ຊຜ
ເກັຍດູ໇ທ໇ໃ຃
ກຝຌຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉ ຏູ່ໃງ່ແຄ໇ຖຜ຋຺ຌຓ຋ທຝຓຈຜ຃ທກຂຶ່ຌ, ຘຝກຏູ່ໃງ່ດູ໇ຘ໇ຝຉກັຌຘຖຝຆ ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນ
ຂ໇ຝຆຊຜເຎັຌຄ຺ທກຝຉໃຘ່ຈ໇ໄ຃່
VIII. ຎະໂ຦ງຈຂວຄກາຌໃຆ໇ຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງ
 ກາຌໃຆ໇ຄາຌພ໇ວຠກັຌ
ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ ຊຜນຜຌຸຆຝ຃ໃຘ່ຏູ່ໃງ່ຘຖຝຆ ໅ ຋຺ຌໃຌໂຎຕແກຕຓ ແຖຜ ຂໆ່ຓູຌຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ໄ຃່ໃຌເທ
ຖຝ຃ົທກັຌ.
 ກາຌໃຆ໇ວຸຎະກວຌຉໆາຄ ໅ ຨໆ຤ຠກັຌ
ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ ຊຜນຜຌຸຆຝ຃ໃຘ່ຏູ່ໃງ່ຘຖຝຆ ໅ ຋຺ຌ ໃງ່ນຸຎຜກນຌຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ໃຌເ຋ນຆຂ໇ຝຆບ໇ທຓ
ກັຌໄ຃່ ເງັ໇ຌ: ເ຋໇ນຉຑິຓ ເ຋໇ນຉຈຜແກຌເຌ ປຖປ ເຎັຌຄ຺່ຌ.

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ຎະເພຈຂວຄຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງ
 ກາຌລືໆລາຌລໆ຤ຌຍຸກ຃຺ຌ
ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ ຈຝຓຝ຃ເບັ຃ໃຘ່ຏູ່ໃງ່ຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌກັຌໄ຃່ຉ໇ຝຆຂຶ່ຌ.
 ກາຌລາຨວຄຂ໇ຠູຌ຋ີໆ ຄ ໆາງຂຶ໇ຌ
ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ ຈຝຓຝ຃ເບັ຃ໃຘ່ຏູ່ໃງ່ ແຖຜ ຏູ່຃ູແຖຖຜຍ຺ຍຈໆຝບນຉຂໆ່ຓູຌທ໇ຈໆຝ຋ັຌໄ຃່ຉ໇ຝຆ.
IX. ຎະເພຈຂວຄຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງ
1. ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆຈຜເຑຝຜຑ່ຌທ໇ (LAN) Local Area Network
2. ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉເຓນຉ (MAN) Metropolitan Area Network
3. ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉແຂທຉ/ຎຜເທ຃ (WAN) Wide Area Network
4. ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆຖຜ຃ັຍຈຝກ຺ຌ (IN) Internetwork
5. ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆຍໆ໇ໃງ່ຈຝຆ (WN) Wireless Network
6. ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆຍໆ໇ໃງ່ຈຝຆແຍຍ (WIFI) Wireless Fidelity
7. ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆແຍຍ (WIMAX) Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
1. ຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງລະເພາະພື໇ຌ຋ີໆ (LAN) Local Area Network
2. ຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງຣະ຦຤ໆາຄເຠືວຄ (MAN) Metropolitan Area Network

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3. ຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງຣະ຦຤ໆາຄແຂ຤ຄ/ຎະເ຋ຈ (WAN) Wide Area Network
4. ຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງຣະຈັຍລາກ຺ຌ (IN) Internetwork
5. ຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງຍໆ ໃຆ໇ລາງ (WN) Wireless Network

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ຎະເພຈຂວຄຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງ
6. ຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງຍໆ ໃຆ໇ລາງແຍຍ (WIFI) Wireless Fidelity ກັຍ IEEE
 Wi-Fi ຋: ເທັກໂຌໂຖງຂນຉ Wireless LAN ຘຖ ຖຜຍ຺ຍ Network ຂນຉ LAN ແຍຍຍໆ໇ໃງ່
ຈຝຆຑຝຆໃຄ່ຓຝ຃ຄຜ຅ຝຌ IEEE 802.11, IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer).
 Hotspot ເຎັຌກຝຌໃຘ່ຍໆຖິກຝຌ Internet ຈຝທຝຖຜຌຜທ໇ຍໆ໇ໃງ່ຈຝຆຓ຋ທຝຓໄທຈູຉ຃່ທຆເທັກ
ໂຌໂຖງຂນຉ Wireless Lan ຘຖ Wi-Fi ເງິ໇ຉໃຌຎັ຃ຊຸຍັຌກໆ໇ຓໃຘ່ຍໆຖິກຝຌກັຌດ໇ຝຉຘຖທຉຘຖຝຆຂຶ່ຌຄຝຓ
ແຘຖ໇ຉງຸຓງ຺ຌຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ເງັ໇ຌ: ຈຜຘຌຝຓຍິຌ ບ່ຝຌນຝຘຝຌ ໂບຉແບຓ ໂບຉຑຜຆຝຍຝຌ ຘຖ ທຜຌຝ຋ຝຌ ແຖຜ
ນ໇ຌ ໅.
 ຏູ່ໃງ່ຍໆຖິກຝຌ Internet ຍໆ໇ໃງ່ຈຝຆ Hotspot ຈຝຓຝ຃ໃງ່ກັຍ Computer Notebook ໄ຃່ ເງັ໇ຌ:
Net book, Notebook, PDA…
7. ຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງແຍຍ (WIMAX) Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

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ຎະເພຈຂວຄຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງ
ຉ຺຤ມໆາຄ: ຣະຍ຺຺ຍເ຋ັ ກໂຌໂຣຆີ WIMAX ຋າຄາຌ
7.1 ຃຤າຠ຦ຠາງຂວຄ WIMAX
- WIMAX ແຓ໇ຌກຝຌຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌແຍຍຍໆ໇ໃງ່ຈຝຆ ຃່ທຆ຋ທຝຓໄທຈູຉ
- ເງິ໇ຉຓໄຖຆຜຖັ຃ຈຜຘຓທຝຉກຝຌທ໇ 31 ໄຓ ຘຖ ຎຜຓຝຌ 48 Km
- ຓນັ຃ຄຝ຋ທຝຓໄທໃຌກຝຌບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ ຍໆ໇ທ໇ຝຊຜເຎັຌ Multimedia ທ໇ຓທັຉຑຝຍ ແຖຜ ຈົຉ ຘຖ ຊຜ
ເຎັຌຂໆ່ຓູຌຖ່ທຌ໅ກໆ໇ຄຝຓໄ຃່ຈູຉຈຸ຃ເ຅ິຉ 75 Mbps
- ງ໇ທຆໃຘ່ຏູ່ໃງ່ຉຝຌ (Application) ດູ໇ທ໇ຍ່ຝຌ ຘຖ ທ໇ທໆຝຉຝຌ ແຖຜ ຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉກຝຌເ຃ຌທຝຉ ໃຘ່ຈຝ
ຓຝ຃ເຂ຺່ຝເ຅ິຉຍໆຖິກຝຌຄ໇ຝຉ ໅
ໄ຤ແຠັກ WIMAX ແຓ໇ຌກຝຌຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌແຍຍຍໆ໇ໃງ່ຈຝຆ ຃່ທຆ຋ທຝຓໄທຈູຉຌ່ ຅ກຑັ຃ທຜຌຝຂຶ່ຌ ຍ຺ຌ
ຓຝ຃ຄຜ຅ຝຌກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌ IEE802.16 ເງິ໇ຉຄໆ໇ຓຝໄ຃່ຑັ຃ທຜຌຝດູ໇ຍ຺ຌຓຝ຃ຄຜ຅ຝຌ IEE802.16a. ໂ຃ຆໄ຃່ຓ
ກຝຌນຜຌຸຓັ຃ນນກຓຝ ໃຌຎ 2004 ໂ຃ຆທິຈຜທຜກໆຝໄຒຒ່ຝ ແຖຜ ນເຖັກໂຄຕຌິກ ຘຖ IEEE (Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers) ເງິ໇ຉຓໄຖຆຜຖັ຃ຈຜຘຓທຝຉກຝຌທ໇ 31 ໄຓ ຘຖ ຎຜຓຝຌ 48 Km
ຌັ່ຌກໆ໇ຘຓຝຆ຋ທຝຓທ໇ຝ (WIMAX) ຊຜຈຝຓຝ຃ທໆຝຉຝຌໄ຃່຋ທຍ຋ຸຓຑ່ຌທ໇ກທ່ຝຉກທ໇ຝຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆໂທຖຜ
ຈັຍເ຋໇ນຌທ໇ໃຌຖຜຍ຺ຍ 3G (Generation) ຘຖຝຆກທ໇ຝ 10 ເທ຺໇ຝ ຑ່ນຓຆັຉຓນັ຃ຄຝ຋ທຝຓໄທໃຌກຝຌບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່
ຓູຌ ຍໆ໇ທ໇ຝຊຜເຎັຌ Multimedia ທ໇ຓທັຉຑຝຍ ແຖຜ ຈົຉ ຘຖ ຊຜເຎັຌຂໆ່ຓູຌຖ່ທຌ ໅ ກໆ໇ຄຝຓໄ຃່ຈູຉຈຸ຃ເ຅ິຉ 75
Mbps
ເງິ໇ຉກໆ໇ໄທກທ໇ຝຖຜຍ຺ຍໂທຖຜຈັຍເ຋ນຌທ໇ແຍຍ 3G ຘຖຝຆກທ໇ຝເ຅ິຉ 30 ເທ຺໇ຝ ໂ຃ຆຓຝ຃ຄຜ຅ຝຌ
IEEE 802.16 a ຘຖ WIMAX ຓ຋ທຝຓຈຝຓຝ຃ໃຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉກຜຊຝຆຈັຌຆຝ ໃຌຖັກຈຜຌຜຊຝກຊຸ຃຃ົທໄຎ
ຘຆັຉຘຖຝຆຊຸ຃ (Point-to-multipoint) ໄ຃່ຑ່ນຓ ໅ ກັຌ ໂ຃ຆຓ຋ທຝຓຈຝຓຝ຃ບນຉບັຍກຝຌທໆຝຉຝຌໃຌ
ແຍຍ Non-Line-of-sight ໄ຃່ ຈຝຓຝ຃ທໆຝຉຝຌໄ຃່ເ຅ິຉທ໇ຝຊຜຓຈິ໇ຉກ຃ຂທຝຉ ເງັ໇ຌ: ຄ຺່ຌໄຓ່ ນຝ຋ຝຌ ໄ຃່ເຎັຌ
ດ໇ຝຉ຃ ຈ຺໇ຉຏ຺ຌໃຘ່ WIMAX ຈຝຓຝ຃ງ໇ທຆໃຘ່ຏູ່ທ໇ໃງ່ຉຝຌ ຈຝຓຝ຃ຂຜຘຆຝຆເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ Internet ໄ຃່
ດ໇ຝຉກທ່ຝຉຂທຝຉ ຃່ທຆຖັ຃ຈຜຘຓທໆຝຉຝຌເ຅ິຉ 31 ໄຓ ຘຖ ຎຜຓຝຌ 48 Km ແຖຜ ຓນັ຃ຄຝ຋ທຝຓໄທ ໃຌ
ກຝຌບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌຈູຉຈຸ຃ເ຅ິຉ 75 Mbps ຓຝ຃ຄຜ຅ຝຌ IEEE 802.16a ຌ່ ໃງ່ຉຝຌດູ໇ຍ຺ຌ຋່ຌ Microwave ທ໇ຓ
຋ທຝຓ຅໇ໄຖຆຜຘ໇ຝຉ 2-11 GHz ແຖຜ ຆັຉຈຝຓຝ຃ໃງ່ຉຝຌບ໇ທຓກັຍນຸຎຜກນຌຓຝ຃ຄຜ຅ຝຌງຜຌິ຃ນ໇ຌ ໅ ທ໇
ນນກຓຝກ໇ນຌຘຌ່ຝຌ່ໄ຃່ເຎັຌດ໇ຝຉ຃.

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ຨູຍແຍຍກາຌເຆືໆວຠຉໆຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງ
ຉ຺຤ມໆາຄ Network Diagram
ວຸຎະກວຌໃຌກາຌຨ ັຍ-ລ຺ໆຄລັຌງາຌ
X. ຨູຍແຍຍກາຌເຆືໆວຠຉໆຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງ
຦ຠາງເຊິຄຨູຍຨໆາຄເ຃ືວຂໆາງ (Network Topology) ເງິ໇ຉຓຖັກຈຜຌຜກຝຌເງ໇ນຓໂຆຉຈຝຆຈ໇ຈຝຌເຂ຺່ຝ
ກັຌກັຍນຸຎຜກນຌ Electronic ຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ຑຝຆໃຌເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ຃່ທຆກັຌ. (Network Topology) ແຄ໇ຖຜແຍຍຓ
຋ທຝຓເຘຓຝຜຈ຺ຓໃຌກຝຌໃງ່ຉຝຌແຄກຄ໇ຝຉກັຌ.
1. ເ຃ືວຂໆາງແຍຍຍັຈໂຎໂຣມີ (Bus Topology)
ນຸຎຜກນຌໃຌທຸກງ່ຌໃຌເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆຊຜເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ກັຍຈຝຆຘຖັກກທ໇ຝ Bus,
ຂໆ່ຓູຌຏູ່ຈ຺໇ຉຊຜເຂ຺່ຝຈູ໇ຈຝຆຍັ຃ໃຌບູຍແຍຍຂນຉແຒັກ ທ໇ຎຜກນຍ຃່ທຆຄໆຝແຘຌ໇ຉຂນຉຏູ່ຈ຺໇ຉ ແຖຜ ຏູ່ບັຍ
ກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຑຝຆໃຌ Bus ຊຜຈ຺໇ຉໄຎຆັຉຎຝຆທຝຉທັຉ 2 ຃່ຝຌຂນຉ Bus ທ໇ຎຝຆທຝຉຊຜຓ
Terminator ຃ູ຃຋່ຌຈັຌຆຝຌຍໆ໇ໃຘ່ຈຜທ່ນຌກັຍເຂ຺່ຝຓຝຆັຉ Bus,
ໂຘຓ຃ທ໇ເງ໇ນຄໆ໇ Bus ຊຜເຍິ໇ຉຄໆຝແຘຌ໇ຉຏູ່ບັຍທ໇ຓຝກັຍແຐຉທ໇ຝ຅ກຄ່ນຉກັຍຍໆ? ຅່ຝ຅ກຄ່ນຉກໆ໇ບັຍ
ເຂ຺່ຝຓຝຈູ໇ໂຘຓ຃ ຅່ຝຍໆ໇຅ກຄ່ນຉກໆ໇ຊຜຎ໇ນຆຏ໇ຝຌໄຎ.

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ຨູຍແຍຍກາຌເຆືໆວຠຉໆຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງ
ຂ໇ຈີຂວຄ Bus Topology
ໃງ່ຈຝຆຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌຘຌ່ນຆ ບູຍແຍຍກຝຌຄິ຃ຄັ່ຉຉ໇ຝຆ ຘຖຸ຃຋໇ຝໃງ່ຊ໇ຝຆກຝຌຄິ຃ຄັ່ຉ,
ຈຝຓຝ຃ເຑ່ຓນຸຎຜກນຌຂຶ່ຌໃຘຓ໇ເຂ຺່ຝໄຎໃຌເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆໄ຃່ຉ໇ຝຆ.
ຂ໇ເລງຂວຄ Bus Topology
຅່ຝຈຝຆຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌຘຖັກເຈຆຘຝຆ ຊຜເບັ຃ໃຘ່ທັ່ຉຖຜຍ຺ຍທໆຝຉຝຌຍໆ໇ໄ຃່,
ກທ຃ຈນຍ ຂໆ່ຏິ຃ຑຝ຃ໄ຃່ຆຝກ ຄ່ນຉເບັ຃ຘຖຝຆ ໅ ຊຸ຃ ເຑຝຜກຝຌໄຘຖຂນຉຂໆ່ຓູຌໃຌ 2 ທິ຃
ທຝຉ ແຖຜ ໂຘຓ຃ທ໇຅ັ຃ຄໆ໇ໄຎ ຊຝກຊຸ຃ທ໇ເກ຃຋ທຝຓເຈຆຘຝຆຊ຺ຌຎຝຆຂນຉ Bus ຊຜທໆຝຉຝຌຍໆ໇ໄ຃່
2. ໂ຋ໂຎໂຣມີແຍຍ຤ ຺ຄແ຦຤ຌ (Ring Topology)
ກຝຌເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ນຸຎຜກນຌຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ເຎັຌທ຺ຉກ຺ຓ ຘຖ ທ຺ຉແຘທຌ ຂໆ່ຓູຌ຅ກຊັ຃ຈ຺໇ຉຊຝກໂຘຓ຃ (ຊຸ຃)
ຘຌຶ໇ຉໄຎນກໂຘຓ຃ຘຌຶ໇ຉ ທ຺ຌດູ໇ໃຌເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆໃຌທິ຃ທຝຉ຃ົທ,
ແຄ໇ຖຜໂຘຓ຃ ຊຜຓ Repeater ໂຘຓ຃ຘຌຶ໇ຉຄ຺ທ ເບັ຃ຘຌ່ຝທ໇ເຑ່ຓເຄຓ ຂ໇ຝທຈຝຌທ໇ຊຜເຎັຌຄໆ໇ກຝຌ
ຈ໇ຈຝຌໃຌຈ໇ທຌຘ຺ທຂນຉແຒັກຂ່ຓູຌ,
ໂຘຓ຃ໃຌທ຺ຉແຘທຌຊຜກທ຃ຈນຍທ໇ຝເຎັຌແຒັກຂໆ່ຓູຌທ໇ຈ຺໇ຉຓຝໃຘ່ໂຘຓ຃ຄ຺ຌ ຘຖ ຍໆ໇, ຅່ຝຈ຺໇ຉໃຘ່ກໆ໇
ຊຜຄ່ນຉຎ໇ນຆຂໆ່ຓູຌຌັ່ຌ໅ ໄຎຆັຉ Repeater (ໂຄທທຉຈັຌຆຝຌ) ຂນຉໂຘຓ຃຅ັ຃ໄຎ
ຂ໇ຈີເ຃ືວຂໆາງ (Ring Topology)
 ຈຝຓຝ຃ຈ຺໇ຉໄຎຆັຉຏູ່ບັຍຘຖຝຆ໅ໂຘຓ຃ຑ່ນຓ໅ກັຌ ໂ຃ຆກໆຝຌ຺຃ຄໆຝແຘຌ໇ຉຎຝຆທຝຉຖ຺ຉຈ໇ທຌ
ຘ຺ທຂນຉແຒັກຂໆ່ຓູຌ Repeat ຂນຉແຄ໇ຖຜໂຘຓ຃.
 ກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌໃຌທິ຃ທຝຉ຃ົທກັຌຊຶ໇ຉຍໆ໇ຓກຝຌງ຺ຌກັຌຂນຉຈັຌຆຝຌ.
ຂ໇ເລງຂວຄເ຃ືວຂໆາງ (Ring Topology)
 ຅່ຝໂຘຓ຃ຘຌຶ໇ຉເກ຃ຘຝຆ ຂໆ່ຓູຌຊຜຍໆ໇ຈຝຓຝ຃ຈ຺໇ຉຏ໇ຝຌໄຎຆັຉໂຘຓ຃ຄໆ໇ໄຎໄ຃່ ແຖຜ ທໆຝໃຘ່ທັຉ
ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆຂຝ຃ກຝຌຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌ
 ເຓ໇ນໂຘຓ຃ຘຌຶ໇ຉຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ ໂຘຓ຃ນ໇ຌຊຜຓຈ໇ທຌບ໇ທຓເບັ຃ໃຘ່ເຈຆເທຖຝ.

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ຨູຍແຍຍກາຌເຆືໆວຠຉໆຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງ
ບູຍ Ring Topology Network
3. ເ຃ືວຂໆາງແຍຍຈາ຤ໂ຋ໂຎໂຣມີ (Star Topology)
ຖັກຈຜຌຜ຋່ຝຆ຋ບູຍ຃ຝທ ຘຖຝຆແຊແຊກ ໂ຃ຆຓິຈຜ຅ຝຌກຝຉ ຘຖ ເຎັຌຊຸ຃ບັຍຏ໇ຝຌກຝຌຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຖຜ
ຘທ໇ຝຉທຸກໂຘຓ຃ໃຌເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ.
ຈຜ຅ຝຌກຝຉ ເບັ຃ຘຌ່ຝທ໇ເຎັຌຈູຌ຋ທຍ຋ຸຓເຈັ່ຌທຝຉກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌ ທ໇຋ນຆຊັ຃ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌໃຘ່ກັຍໂຘຓ຃
ຎຝຆທຝຉນກ຃່ທຆ.
ກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌ File ຊຜເຎັຌແຍຍ 2 ທິ຃ທຝຉ ໂ຃ຆນຜຌຸຆຝ຃ໃຘ່ຓຑົຉໂຘຓ຃຃ົທເທ຺໇ຝຌັ່ຌ ທ໇ຈຝຓຝ຃
ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌເຂ຺່ຝຈູ໇ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆໄ຃່ ຊຶ໇ຉຍໆ໇ຓໂນກຝ຃ທ໇ຘຖຝຆໂຘຓ຃ ຊຜຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌເຂ຺່ຝຈູ໇ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆໃຌເທຖຝ຃ົທກັຌ.
ຂ໇ຈີຂວຄ Star Topology
 ກຝຌຄິ຃ຄັ່ຉເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ ແຖຜ ກຝຌ຃ູແຖບັກຈຝເບັ຃ໄ຃່ຉ໇ຝຆ
 ຘຝກໂຘຓ຃ໃ຃ເກ຃຋ທຝຓເຈຆຘຝຆ ກໆ໇຋ທຌກທຍຈນຍໄ຃່ຉ໇ຝຆ ແຖຜ ເຑຝຜຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ 1 ເຈັ່ຌ
ຄໆ໇ນຸຎຜ ກນຌ຋ທຝຓເຈຆຘຝຆຊຶ໇ຉຍໆ໇ກຜທ຺ຍຄໆ໇ກຝຌທໆຝຉຝຌຂນຉຊຸ຃ນ໇ຌ ໅ ໃຌຖຜຍ຺ຍ
 ໃຘ່ຍໆຖິກຝຌຉ໇ຝຆເຑຝຜຓຈູຌກຝຉເບັ຃ຘຌ່ຝທ໇຋ທຍ຋ຸຓ
ຂ໇ເລງ Star Topology
 ຅່ຝຈຜ຅ຝຌກຝຉ ເກ຃຋ທຝຓເຈຆຘຝຆຂຶ່ຌຓຝ ຊຜເບັ຃ໃຘ່ທັຉຖຜຍ຺ຍທໆຝຉຝຌຍໆ໇ໄ຃່,
 ຄ່ນຉໃງ່ຈຝຆຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌຊໆຝຌທຌຘຖທຉຘຖຝຆກ໇ທຝແຍຍ Bus ແຖຜ ແຍຍ Ring.
ຄ຺ທດ໇ຝຉ: Star Topology Network

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ຨູຍແຍຍກາຌເຆືໆວຠຉໆຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງ
4. ເ຃ືວຂໆາງແຍຍຎະລ ຺ຠໂ຋ໂຎໂຣມີ Mesh Topology
ຂໆ່຃ ແຖຜ ຂໆ່ເຈຆ ຂນຉເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆແຍຍ Mesh Topology
ຂ໇ຈີ Mesh Topology
 ໃຌກນຌ Cable ຍຝຉຈຝຆຄໆ໇ຏິ຃ຑຝ຃ ແຄ໇ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆທັຉຘຓ຺຃ຆັຉຈຝຓຝ຃ໃງ່ໄ຃່ ເບັ຃ໃຘ່ຖຜ
ຍ຺ຍຓຈຜ຅ົຌຖຜຑຝຍ ແຖຜ ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆທ໇ຓ຋ທຝຓຈໆຝ຋ັຌ
ຂ໇ເລງ Mesh Topology
 ຈິ່ຌເຎນຉ຋໇ຝໃງ່ຊ໇ຝຆ ແຖຜ Cable ຘຖຝຆກ໇ທຝກຝຌຄໆ໇ແຍຍນ໇ຌ ໅
 ຆຝກຄໆ໇ກຝຌຄິ຃ຄັ່ຉ
ຄ຺ທດ໇ຝຉ: ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆແຍຍ Mesh Topology
5. ເ຃ືວຂໆາງແຍຍຎະລ ຺ຠ Tree Topology
 ກຝຌເງ໇ນຓເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆແຍຍຎຜຈ຺ຓ Tree Topology
ກຝຌເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ແຍຍຎຜຈ຺ຓ ແຓ໇ຌເຎັຌເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆທ໇ຍໆ໇ຓບູຍແຍຍທ໇ແຌ໇ຌນຌ, ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆແຍຍ
ຎຜຈ຺ຓຌ່ ຊຜໃງ່ກຝຌຎຜຈ຺ຓບູຍແຍຍກຝຌເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ຘຖຝຆ໅ແຍຍເຂ຺່ຝ຃່ທຆກັຌ ເງັ໇ຌ: ໃງ່ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆແຍຍ Bus
ຎຜຈ຺ຓກັຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆແຍຍ Star ເຎັຌຄ຺່ຌ.
ຂ໇ຈີ
 ໃຌແຄ໇ຖຜຈ໇ທຌຆ໇ນຆ ໅ ຊຜຄໆ໇ເນຉກັຌແຍຍ Star ເບັ຃ໄ຃່ບັຍຂໆ່຃ຂນຉກຝຌຄໆ໇ແຍຍ Star ຓຝ຃່ທຆ
ຂ໇ເລງ
 ໄຖຆຜທຝຉໃຌແຄ໇ຖຜຈ໇ທຌຆ໇ນຆ ໅ ຊຜ຅ກຊໆຝກັ຃ ໂ຃ຆຈຜຘຌິ຃ຂນຉຈຝຆ
 ຅່ຝເຈຆຘຖັກ ຘຖ Hub ຄ຺ທກຝຉຘຖັກເຈຆ ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆທັຉຘຓ຺຃ຊຜຍໆ໇ຈຝຓຝ຃ໃງ່ກຝຌໄ຃່
 ຆຝກຄໆ໇ກຝຌຄິ຃ຄັ່ຉ ແຖຜ ເ຃ຌຈຝຆ

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6. ເ຃ືວຂໆາງແຍຍ Hybrids
7. ເ຃ືວຂໆາງແຍຍ (Hierarchical Topology)
Hub/ Repeater
ເຎັຌນຸຎຜກນຌທ໇ເບັ຃ຘຌ່ຝທ໇ຂຜຘຆຝຆຈັຌຆຝຌທ໇ໄ຃່ບັຍຓຝ ແຖ່ທຈ຺໇ຉຄໆ໇ໃຘ່ນຸຎຜກນຌນ໇ຌທ໇ຄໆ໇
ເຂ຺່ຝກັຍຓັຌ ຊຸ຃ຎຜຈ຺ຉໃຌກຝຌຄິ຃ຄັ່ຉ Hub ກໆ໇ເຑ໇ນຂຜຘຆຝຆຈັຌຆຝຌໃຘ່ກັຍນຸຎຜກນຌຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ເຑ່ຓໄ຃່
ຘຖຝຆຂຶ່ຌ
Hub ໃງ່ຈໆຝຖັຍເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇຋ນຓຑິທເຄເຂ຺່ຝກັຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ ຊຜຓ Port ໃງ່ເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉ Hub
ກັຍເ຋໇ນຉ຋ນຓຑິທເຄ ຘຖ ນຸຎຜກນຌເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆຄ຺ທນ໇ຌ ໅ Hub ຊຜທທຌຈັຌຆຝຌ ແຖຜ ຈ຺໇ຉຄໆ໇ຂໆ່ຓູຌຌັ່ຌນນກ
ໄຎທ໇ເ຋໇ນຉ຋ນຓຑິທເຄທຸກເ຋໇ນຉທ໇ເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ດູ໇ກັຍ Hub.

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Bridge
Bridge ແຓ໇ຌທໆຝຉຝຌໃຌ Layer ທ 2 ຂນຉ OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection
Model) ໃງ່ເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ Segment ຂນຉເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ 2 Segment ຘຖ ຘຖຝຆກ໇ທຝເຂ຺່ຝ຃່ທຆກັຌ ໂ຃ຆຊຜຄ່ນຉເຎັຌ
ເ຋ນ ຂ໇ຝຆທ໇ໃງ່ (Data Link Protocol ຄ຺ທ຃ົທກັຌ ແຖຜ Network Protocol ແຍຍ Bus ແຖຜ ໃງ່ Protocol
Ethernet) 2 Segment ເຂ຺່ຝ຃່ທຆກັຌ
Bridge ຈຝຓຝ຃ບນຉບັຍຂໆ່ຓູຌທ໇ຊຜຈ຺໇ຉຄໆ໇ໄ຃່ ໂ຃ຆກທ຃ຈນຍທ໇ຝຂໆ່ຓູຌທ໇ຈ຺໇ຉຌັ່ຌຓຎຝຆທຝຉດູ໇ທ໇ໃ຃
ເບັ຃ໃຘ່ຈຝຓຝ຃ຊັ຃ກຝຌກັຍ຋ທຝຓຘຌຝແຘຌ່ຌຂນຉຂໆ່ຓູຌໄ຃່ຓຎຜຈິ຃ທິຑຝຍຘຖຝຆຂຶ່ຌ.
Switch or Bridge
ເຎັຌນຸຎຜກນຌຈໆຝຖັຍເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ LAN ຈນຉເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆເຂ຺່ຝ຃່ທຆກັຌ ໂ຃ຆຊຜຄ່ນຉເຎັຌ LAN ຎຜ
ເຑ຃຃ົທກັຌ ແຖຜ ໃງ່ Protocol ໃຌກຝຌບັຍຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌເຘຓນຌກັຌ ເງັ໇ຌ: ກຝຌເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ Ethernet LAN ຈນຉ
ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆເຂ຺່ຝ຃່ທຆກັຌ
Router ເຎັຌນຸຎຜກນຌທ໇ເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ LAN ຘຖຝຆເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆເຂ຺່ຝ຃່ທຌກັຌ ຋່ຝຆ຋ກັຍ Switch ຋
Router ຈຝຓຝ຃ເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ LAN ທ໇ໃງ່ Protocol ໃຌກຝຌບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌເຘຓນຌກັຌ ແຄ໇ໃງ່ Media ຘຖ ຈຝຆຈ຺໇ຉ
ຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ງຜຌິ຃ກັຌໄ຃່
Router ຋:
 ນຸຎຜກນຌເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ຋ນຓຑິທເຄທ໇ເບັ຃ຘຌ່ຝທ໇ ໃຌກຝຌເງ໇ນຓໂຆຉເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ຋ນຓຑິທ
ເຄຎຜເຑ຃ LANs-WANS ຘຖ WANs-MAN ຘຌ່ຝທ໇ໃຌກຝຌທໆຝຉຝຌຂນຉນຸຎຜກນຌ Router ຋: ກຝຌຑິຊຝ
ຖຜຌຝ຋ັ຃ເຖນກເຈັ່ຌທຝຉໃຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຏ໇ຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ ໄຎຆັຉເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ຋ນຓຑິທເຄນ໇ຌ ໅ (Internetworking
Device).
 ກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຏ໇ຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌຂນຉ Router ຊຜໃງ່ Protocol ຂນຉ IP ໂ຃ຆທໆຝຉຝຌດູ໇ໃຌຖຜ຃ັຍ
ງັ່ຌທ 3 ຂນຉແຍຍຊໆຝຖນຉ OSI Model

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Gateway
Gateway ເຎັຌນຸຎຜກນຌທ໇ຓ຋ທຝຓຈຝຓຝ຃ຈູຉທ໇ຈຸ຃ ໃຌກຝຌເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ເຂ຺່ຝ
຃່ທຆກັຌ ໂ຃ຆຈຝຓຝ຃ເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ LAN ຘຖຝຆ ໅ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆທ໇ໃງ່ Protocol ຄ໇ຝຉກັຌເຂ຺່ຝ຃່ທຆກັຌໄ຃່ ແຖຜ ຈຝຆ
ຈ຺໇ຉຈັຌຆຝຌຄ໇ຝຉງຜຌິ຃ໄ຃່ດ໇ຝຉຍໆ໇ຓຂ຃ຊໆຝກັ຃ ເງັ໇ຌ: ກຝຌເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ Ethernet LAN ທ໇ໃງ່ຈຝຆຈ຺໇ຉແຍຍ UTP=
Unshielded Twisted-Pair ເຂ຺່ຝກັຍ Token Ring LAN ໄ຃່ເຎັຌຄ຺່ຌ
Modem= Modulation Demodulation
ເຎັຌນຸຎຜກນຌທ໇ເບັ຃ຘຌ່ຝທ໇ ແຎຉຈັຌຆຝຌ Digital ຊຝກເ຋໇ນຉ຋ນຓຑິທເຄໃຘ່ເຎັຌຈັຌຆຝຌ
Analog ເນ່ຌຂັ່ຌຄນຌຌ່ທ໇ຝ: Modulation ແຖຜ ເບັ຃ຘຌ່ຝທ໇ແຎຉຈັຌຆຝຌ Analog ໃຘ່ເຎັຌຈັຌຆຝຌ Digital
ເຑ໇ນ຋ນຓຑິທເຄ ຊຜໄ຃່ຌໆຝໄຎຎຜຓທຌຏ຺ຌ ຂັ່ຌຄນຌຌ່ເນ່ຌທ໇ຝ: Demodulation ໂ຃ຆຎ຺ກກຜຄິຈັຌຆຝຌໂທ
ຖຜຈັຍ຅ກນນກແຍຍຓຝ ເຑ໇ນຈ຺໇ຉຈັຌຆຝຌ Analog ແຄ໇ເຌ໇ນຉຊຝກກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂນຉ຋ນຓຑິທເຄ ໃງ່ຈັຌຆຝຌ
Digital ຊຶ໇ຉຊໆຝເຎັຌຄ່ນຉໃງ່ Modem ໃຌກຝຌຎ໇ົຌແຎຉຈັຌຆຝຌ຋ທຝຓໄທ ໃຌກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌຂນຉ
Modem ເຎັຌຍິ຃ຄໆ໇ທິຌຝທ (Bit per Second: Bps).
ຣະຍ຺ຍໄຠໂກຢເ຤ຍ Microwave
ໃງ່ທິທ໇ຈ຺໇ຉຈັຌຆຝຌທ໇ຓ຋ທຝຓຈູຉທ໇ຈຸ຃ກ໇ທຝ຋່ຌທິທຜຆຸ ຊຝກຈຜ຅ຝຌຌຘຌຶ໇ຉໄຎຆັຉນກຈຜ຅ຝ
ຌຘຌຶ໇ຉ
ນຝ຃ຊຜເນ່ຌຈັຌຆຝຌຂນຉໄຓໂກບເທຍທ໇ຝຈັຌຆຝຌແຍຍເຈັ່ຌຈຝຆຄຝ (Line of sight)
ຈັຌຆຝຌຂນຉໄຓໂກຕເທຍ ຊຜເ຃ຌທຝຉເຎັຌເຈັ່ຌກ຺ຉ ຘຖ ເຈັ່ຌງ໇
ກຝຌຄັ່ຉຈຜ຅ຝຌທທຌຈັຌຆຝຌຌັ່ຌຈ໇ທຌໃຘຆ໇ຊຜຌິຆ຺ຓຄັ່ຉໃຌຑ່ຌທ໇ຈູຉ ໅

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ຨູຍແຍຍກາຌເຆືໆວຠຉໆຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງ
ຈາ຤຋ຽຠ Satellite
ຖຜຍ຺ຍ຃ຝທທົຓ Satellite ໃງ່ທິທຈ຺໇ຉຈັຌຆຝຌ ທ໇ຓ຋ທຝຓຈູຉກທ໇ຝ຋່ຌທິທຜຆຸຘຖຝຆ ໅ ເທ຺໇ຝ
ຊຝກນຜທຜກຝ຃ ຘຝຈຜ຅ຝຌຑ່ຌທ໇ຘຌຶ໇ຉໄຎນກຈຜ຅ຝຌຑ່ຌທ໇ຘຌຶ໇ຉ
 ຂ໇ຈີຂວຄຣະຍ຺ຍຈາ຤຋ຽຠ:
ໃງ່ເທຖຝໃຌກຝຌຄິ຃ຄັ່ຉຘຌ່ນຆ
ຈຝຓຝ຃ຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ ໄ຃່ກັຍທຸກຄໆຝແຘຌ໇ຉທ໇ດູ໇ໃຌຑ່ຌທ໇ ໃຘ່ຍໆຖິກຝຌຂນຉ຃ຝທທົຓ
ຍໆ໇ຓຈັຌຆຝຌຖ຺ຍກທຌ (Noise) ເຌ໇ນຉຊຝກເຎັຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉທ໇຋ທຝຓ຅໇ຈູຉຈຸ຃
຋໇ຝໃງ່ຊ໇ຝຆໃຌກຝຌຄິ຃ຄັ່ຉຄໆ໇ຊຸ຃຋຺ຉທ໇
 ຂ໇ເລງຂວຄຣະຍ຺ຍຈາ຤຋ຽຠ
຋ທຝຓຎນ຃ໄຑຂນຉຂໆ່ຓູຌຄໆ໇ຝ
ຈັຌຆຝຌທ໇ບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉ ຓກຝຌເຏຆແຏ໇ໃຘ່ຘຖ໇ຝງ໇ຝ (Propagation Delay)
ຖຝ຋ຝຖ຺ຉທຶຌເຖ່ຓຄ຺່ຌ຋່ນຌ຋່ຝຉຈູຉ
຋ທຝຓຎ໇ົຌແຎຉຂນຉນຝກຝ຃ຓຏ຺ຌເບັ຃ໃຘ່ຈັຌຆຝຌຏິ຃຃໇ົຉຊຝກຎ຺ກກຜຄິໄ຃່.
ກາຌຎຽຍ຋ຽຍກາຌ຋າຄາຌຂວຄຈາ຤຋ຽຠ-ໄຠໂກຢເ຤ຍ
Microwave Satellite
 ຈຝຓຝ຃ໃງ່ໄ຃່ກັຍຈຜ຅ຝຌທ໇ຈຝຓຝ຃ເຍິ໇ຉ
ເຘັຌກັຌ ເທ຺໇ຝຌັ່ຌ
 ທໆຝຉຝຌແຍຍນຝໃຈຈຜ຅ຝຌຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ເຎັຌ
ຄ຺ທກຝຉຈ຺໇ຉຏ໇ຝຌໄຎຆັຉຎຝຆທຝຉ
 ຄ່ນຉຄິ຃ຄັ່ຉຈຜ຅ຝຌທັຉຘຓ຺຃ຄຜຘຖນ຃
ເຈັ່ຌທຝຉກ໇ນຌ ຊຶ໇ຉຈຝຓຝ຃ໃງ່ຉຝຌໄ຃່
 ຖຜຍ຺ຍຊຜ຅ກຖ຺ຍກທຌຊຝກຈຜຑຝຍ
ນຝກຝ຃ຎ໇ົຌ ແຎຉ ຘຖ ຍໆ໇຃
 ຈຝຓຝ຃ໃງ່ໄ຃່ກັຍທຸກຈຜ຅ຝຌທ໇ຈຝຓຝ຃ເຍິ໇ຉ
ເຘັຌ຃ຝທທົຓໄ຃່
 ຘຝກຓຈຜ຅ຝຌໃ຃ເຈຆຘຝຆ ກໆ໇ຊຜໃງ່ຍໆ໇ໄ຃່
ເຑຝຜຈຜ຅ຝຌຌັ່ຌ ເທ຺໇ຝຌັ່ຌ
 ກຝຌຄິ຃ຄັ່ຉຊຝຌ຃ຝທທົຓຈຝຓຝ຃ເບັ຃ໄ຃່
ຉ໇ຝຆ ແຖຜ ທ໇ນຉໄທ
 ຖຜຍ຺ຍ ຊຜ຅ກຖ຺ຍກທຌຊຝກຈຜຑຝຍນຝກຝ຃
ຎ໇ົຌແຎຉ ຘຖ ຍໆ໇຃

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ຨູຍແຍຍກາຌເຆືໆວຠຉໆຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງ
ຉ຺຤ມໆາຄ: ຣະຍ຺ຍເ຃ືວຂໆາງວ ຺ຄກາຌ ແຣະ ກາຌເຆືໆວຠໂງຄຣະ຦຤ໆາຄເ຃ືວຂໆາງ
8. ຠາຈຉະຊາຌກາຌລືໆລາຌຂ໇ຠູຌ OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model)
 ນຸຎຜກນຌຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ຓຘຖຝຆຏູ່ຏຜຖິ຃ ເງິ໇ຉຊຜຄ່ນຉທໆຝຉຝຌເຂ຺່ຝກັຌໄ຃່
 ກຝຌກໆຝຌ຺຃ຓຝ຃ຄຜ຅ຝຌ ຋:
- ໂ຋ຉຈ່ຝຉຑ່ຌ຅ຝຌຂນຉ Hardware ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆໄ຃່ແກ໇ຖຜຍ຺ຍ Cable
- ນຸຎຜກນຌໃຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຈັຌຆຝຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ ເ຋໇ນຉແຓ໇ຂ໇ຝຆ
- Software ໃຌກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌໃຌຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ ບັຍຎຜກັຌທ໇ຝ: ຈ໇ທຌຎຜກນຍຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ຊຜຈຝຓຝ຃
ທໆຝຉຝຌບ໇ທຓກັຌໄ຃່.
 ຏູ່ຏຜຖິ຃ Hardware ແຖຜ Software ຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ ຄ່ນຉເບັ຃ຄຝຓ຋ໆຝແຌຜຌໆຝ ຄຝຓຓຝ຃ຄຜ
຅ຝຌກຝຌນນກແຍຍ ແຖຜ ຈ່ຝຉຏຜຖິ຃ຄຜຑັຌ ເງິ໇ຉກໆຝຌ຺຃ຂຶ່ຌໂ຃ຆນ຺ຉກຝຌຓຝ຃ຄຜ຅ຝຌຈຝກ຺ຌ
(International Organization for Standardization = ISO) ໂ຃ຆຓຝ຃ຄຜ຅ຝຌທ໇ກໆຝຌ຺຃ຂຶ່ຌ ແຖຜ ໄ຃່
ຎຜກຝ຃ໃງ່ຄັ່ຉແຄ໇ຎ 1984 ເນ່ຌທ໇ຝ “Open Systems Interconnection Model” ເນ່ຌຈັ່ຌ ໅ ທ໇ຝ: ISO/OSI
Model.
 ຘຌ໇ທຆຉຝຌໄ຃່ກໆຝຌ຺຃ຓຝ຃ຄຜ຅ຝຌຈຝກ຺ຌ ຘຖ ISO ຌ່ ໂ຃ຆຖຜຍຸທ໇ຝ ຋ທຌແຍ໇ຉ Protocol ນນກ
ເຎັຌ 7 Layer ແຖຜ ໃຌແຄ໇ຖຜ Layer ຋ທຌຓຘຌ່ຝທ໇ໃ຃ຘຌຶ໇ຉດ໇ຝຉແຌ໇ຌນຌ. ຃ັ໇ຉຌັ່ຌ, ເຓ໇ນຍໆຖິຈັ຃ຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ໄ຃່
ຏຜຖິ຃ Protocol ໃຘຓ໇ຂຶ່ຌຓຝ ກໆ໇ຄ່ນຉນນກແຍຍໃຘ່ຈນ຃຋໇ນຉກັຍ OSI ຌ່ ເຑ໇ນໃຘ່ຈຝຓຝ຃ຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ຈ໇ຈຝຌກັຍຖຜ
ຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ຂນຉຍໆຖິຈັ຃ໄ຃່.
ແຍຍ຅າຣວຄຂວຄ OSI
 ເຎັຌໂ຋ຉຈ່ຝຉນ່ຝຉນຉ ໃຌກຝຌຈ່ຝຉນຸຎຜກນຌໃຘ່ຈຝຓຝ຃ທໆຝຉຝຌບ໇ທຓກັຌໄ຃່ດ໇ຝຉ຃ໃຌຖຜຍ຺ຍ
ເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ
 Layer ຂນຉ OSI ໄ຃່ແຍ໇ຉນນກເຎັຌ 7 Layer ຘຖ 7 ງັ່ຌ
 ແຄ໇ຖຜ Layer ຊຜໂຄ່ຄນຍ ຘຖ ບັຍຈ໇຺ຉ-ຂໆ່ຓູຌກັຍ Layer ທ໇ດູ໇຋່ຝຉ຋ົຉເທ຺໇ຝຌັ່ຌ
 Layer ທ໇ດູ໇ງັ່ຌຖຸ໇ຓຊຜກໆຝຌ຺຃ຖັກຈຜຌຜຂນຉ (Interface) ເຑ໇ນໃຘ່ຍໆຖິກຝຌ Layer ທ໇ດູ໇ເຘຌນຂຶ່ຌໄຎ
ຄຝຓຖໆຝ຃ັຍ

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OSI (Open Systems Interconnection Model
Data-Application Layer
ຎຜກນຍໄຎ຃່ທຆ Application Protocol ຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ທ໇ຓຏູ່ຌິຆ຺ຓໃງ່ຉຝຌ ເງັ໇ຌ: E-mail, File
Transfer ເຎັຌຄ຺່ຌ.
- ໃກ່ຈິ຃ກັຍຏູ່ໃງ່ກ໇ົທກັຍ Protocol ຄ໇ຝຉ ໅ ທ໇ໃງ່ຉຝຌ
- ກົຓເບັ຃ຘຌ່ຝທ໇ໃຌກຝຌເຂ຺່ຝເ຅ິຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ ແຖຜ ເ຋໇ນຉຑິຓ
- ແຍ໇ຉຎັຌໃຌກຝຌໃງ່ງັຍຑຜຆຝກນຌຖຜຍ຺ຍເ຋ນຂ໇ຝຆ
Data-presentation Layer
ຊັ຃ກຝຌກ໇ົທກັຍບູຍແຍຍຂນຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ ໂ຃ຆກຝຌແຎຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ ໃຘ່ດູ໇ໃຌບູຍແຍຍທ໇ເຎັຌຓຝ຃ຄຜ຅ຝຌ
ທ໇ທຸກເ຋໇ນຉ຋ນຓຑິທເຄເຂ຺່ຝໃຊ ຘຖ ບນຉບັຍໄ຃່.
- ແຎຉຖຜຘັ຃ຂໆ່ຓູຌທ໇ຈ຺໇ຉຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉ 2 ເ຋໇ນຉໃຘ່ເຎັຌແຍຍ຃ົທກັຌ
- ຘຖຸ຃ຂຜຘຌຝ຃ຂນຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ (Data Compression) ເຑ໇ນຎຜຘຆັ຃ເທຖຝໃຌກຝຌບັຍ-ຈ຺໇ຉ ແຖຜ
ເຂ຺່ຝຖຜຘັ຃ເຑ໇ນເຎັຌກຝຌຎ່ນຉກັຌກຝຌຖັກຖນຍຂໆ່ຓູຌ
Session Layer
ຈ່ຝຉກຝຌເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ໂ຃ຆກ຺ຉ ຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉເ຋໇ນຉຈນຉເ຋໇ນຉ ທໆຝກຝຌໃຘ່ເກ຃ຂໆ່ຓູຌໃງ່ຑ່ນຓກັຌ
(Synchronize) ເຑ໇ນຎ່ນຉກັຌຍັຌຘຝກຝຌເງ໇ນຓຄໆ໇ຘຖຸ຃ໄ຃່
- ໃຘ່ຍໆຖິກຝຌໃງ່ຉຝຌເ຋໇ນຉທ໇ດູ໇ຘ໇ຝຉໄກນນກໄຎ (Remote Login) ກຝຌ຅໇ຝຆໂນຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ ຖຜ
ຘທ໇ຝຉເ຋໇ນຉໄ຃່
- ເບັ຃ໃຘ່ຄິ຃ຄໆ໇ເຎັຌໄຎດ໇ຝຉຖຝຍຖ່ຌ ໂ຃ຆກຝຌເຐ຺່ຝ-ກທ຃ຈນຍກຝຌໄຘຖຂນຉຂໆ່ຓູຌດ໇ຝຉເຎັຌ
ຊັຉຘທຜ ຃ູແຖເຖ໇ນຉ຋ທຝຓຎນ຃ໄຑ
Transport Layer
ຄັ຃ຂໆ່ຓູຌນນກເຎັຌ Segment ກທ຃ຈນຍ຋ທຝຓ຋຺ຍ຅່ທຌ ໃຘ່ຍໆຖິກຝຌເຖ໇ນຉ຋ຸຌຌຜຑຝຍ
- ບັຍຏິ຃ງນຍກຝຌຊັ຃ຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌ ໂ຃ຆຎຝຈຜຊຝກ຋ທຝຓຏິ຃ຑຝ຃
- ກທ຃ຈນຍແກ່ໄຂ຋ທຝຓຏິ຃ຑຝ຃ທ໇ເກ຃ຂຶ່ຌໃຌຂໆ່ຓູຌ ຊັ຃ຖຜຍົຍຘຓທ຃

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Network layer
ແຎຉຂໆ່ຓູຌເຎັຌ Packet ແຖຜ ກໆຝຌ຺຃ເຈັ່ຌທຝຉ
- ຘຝເຈັ່ຌທຝຉ (Routing) ຈ຺໇ຉ Package ຊຝກຄ຺່ຌທຝຉໄຎຆັຉຎຝຆທຝຉ
- Package Switching ຈ່ຝຉທ຺ຉຊນຌເຘຓນຌຊິຉ (Virtual Circuit) ຋່ຝຆກັຍທ໇ຝ ຓເຈັ່ຌທຝຉ
ເງ໇ນຓໂຆຉກັຌຖຜຘທ໇ຝຉ 2 ເ຋໇ນຉ
Data Link Layer
ນຜທິຍຝຆກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌໄຎເທິຉຈ໇ກຝຉ ເຑ່ຓ Header ແຖຜ Trailer ເຑ໇ນໃງ່ໃຌກຝຌກທ຃ຈນຍ
ຄ໇ຝຉ ໅
- ຋ທຍ຋ຸຓກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌໃຘ່ເຘຓນຌກັຍທ໇ຝ ຍໆ໇ຓ຋ທຝຓຏິ຃ຑຝ຃ເກ຃ຂຶ່ຌ
- ຏູ່ຈ຺໇ຉຊຜຈ຺໇ຉແຒັຓຂໆ່ຓູຌນນກໄຎເທ໇ນຖຜງຸ຃ ແຖຜ ຖໆບັຍກຝຌຄນຍບັຍຊຝກຏູ່ບັຍ ຅່ຝເກ຃ຍັຌ
ຘຝ ຐ໇ຝຆຏູ່ຈ຺໇ຉແຒັຓຂໆ່ຓູຌນນກຓຝໃຘຓ໇
Physical Layer
ເບັ຃ຘຌ່ຝທ໇຃ູແຖ ແຖຜ ກຝຌກຝຌຈ຺໇ຉຂໆ່ຓູຌທ໇ເຎັຌ Bit ໄຎໃຌງ໇ນຉທຝຉກຝຌຈ໇ຈຝຌ
- ຘຌ່ຝທ໇ບັຍ ແຖຜ ແຎຉຂໆ່ຓູຌໃຘ່ດູ໇ໃຌບູຍຂນຉຈັຌຆຝຌ Digital ໂ຃ຆຏ໇ຝຌຄ຺ທກຝຉແຄ໇ຖຜງຜ
ຌິ຃ໄ຃່