Residivisme Bab 3

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SSYM5013 Pencegahan Residivism

FAKTOR INDIVIDU & SAHSIAH MENDORONG RESIVIDISME

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Suicide in adolescents and young adults has become a public educational and health priority. In this paper, various conceptual questions about suicide are presented, and the protective factors that are associated with suicidal behavior in this population are considered. An overview is provided, based on a review of the studies, on the aspects of resilience that should be promoted to eliminate the negative impact of the adverse situations that arise for young people. Furthermore, we develop guidelines for building resilience, actions that have been proven effective in combating suicide attempts and completed suicide in adolescents and young adults. We produce a profile that includes all of the aforementioned protective aspects that must be taken into account when developing a comprehensive analysis in the context of the quality of life and emotional well-being of this group.

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Running head: CAUSES OF CRIME Thomas 1 Causes of crime 2 Causes of crime Jonathan Thomas CRJ 475 Mount Olive College Causes of crime Crime is generally referred to as the commissioning of an act that violates the law causing injuries to the society. Contemporary scholars from all over the world have debated this subject for ages with the aim of trying to unearth the causes of crime but many have gone ahead to conclude that it is a motivation of various factors. The factors are nevertheless numerous and there is no single study that accurately proves the current theories. All in all these theories have been used by scholars and researchers across the globe and have been widely accepted as the most probable sources of criminology. This study will indulge explicitly into some of these theories that form the basis of criminology together with some of the most profound programs and policies that would reduce the rising rates of crimes around the world. These theories can be classified into three major theories; theories that attribute the act of crime to some congenital or biological defects by the defender, theories that may emanate out of a mental or a psychological disorder and theories that emanate from social or environmental factors. This study will begin by looking into the biological theories of crime. There are two or more theories that currently exist in the biosocial world today and one or two set of these theories lays more emphasis on the genetic factors basically the traits that are transmitted to the child from the parents (Perez, 2011). Other studies assert that a criminal behavior may be triggered by defects in the neurology set up which may inhibit the factors that aid in self control which limit the probability of indulging in a criminal behavior. The irregularities may result out of defects in the structure and the chemical composition of the brain. Genetic factors This study shows that the effect of biological inheritance tending towards criminality is high in conjunction with the social environment of an individual. Studies in the interrelationship of criminal inheritance between parents and children proves that children whose parents had a background of crime or who are criminals themselves were more likely to engage in criminal activities compared to parents who abided by the law. Finally there is a research that has been carried out between parents and their adopted children and parents and their real children. The research proved that the children with their biological parents had a higher risk of indulging in criminal activities if their parents were criminals than the adopted children (Ramdhan, 2011). However, there is little genetic predisposition to prove this and hence more study is needed to reaffir ...

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Running head: EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY VIEW ON VIOLENCE 1 EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY VIEW ON VIOLENCE 9 Evolutionary Psychology’s View on Violence LaRoya Mitchell Saint Leo University Evolutionary Psychology View on Violence For centuries the issue of human violence has been a matter of concern and intense debate. Due to technical limitations as well as dominant scientific perspectives, several studies on violence in the 20th century, focused on family and sociocultural determinants of violence. However, recent studies connect violent behaviors with evolutionary, biological as well as genetic factors. According to Ferguson and Beaver the world health organization defines violence as “the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation.” (Ferguson & Beaver, 2009, p287). To a large extent, this clearly defines violence. It is also important to note that some violent acts are positive and as such adaptive. Legally, an individual is allowed to act violently in self-defense or in defense of his or her family and culture. Extreme violence, on the other hand, relates to violent actions in which risks are greater than the potential benefits. The risks involved, whether of personal injury or on an individual’s social esteem outweigh the anticipated positive outcomes. Extreme violence, therefore, amounts to criminal violence (Ferguson & Beaver, 2009). Biologists contend that natural selection rather than mutation is the predominant force behind gene selection and the genetics of populations. It simply implies that organisms are more likely to pass down genes that provide them with selective advantage for the future generations. Even though natural selection happens at individual levels, for particular species facing similar selective challenges, the outcome is generally based on physical features as well as behavior; however, there are some differences among individuals (Ferguson & Beaver, 2009). Moreover, environmental diversity causes behavioral variations among human beings in what is referred to as culture. Although violence levels may vary across different cultures, it is present among all human species. Archeological studies on pre historical cultural aspect of man reveal application of violence among different cultures (McCall & Shields, 2008). The evolutionary perspective of psychology is a scientific observation that seeks for a vivid comprehension of human nature, that is, the evolution mechanism of human’s mind. Although it was established for use in psychological sciences and not practical use, its insights have extensively been used to practically solve societal problems. The evolutionary psychology analysis provides a clear picture on the ...

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