For students,farmers and teachers,this is about an educational matter

2. 01. Introduction
02. Different types of fruit fly
03. Attack of fruit fly
04. Control methods
05. Reference

3. 01. Introduction
•Improving productivity and quality of fruit and
vegetable enhances food security , employment and
trade opportunities.
•Asian countries produced 178 million ton of
tropical fruit which amounted to 66% of the
global production.
•However , several factors constrain fruit and
vegetable production such as tephritid fruit
flies.(Bactrocera dorsalis)

4. •These fruit flies cause direct damage to fruit and
vegetables which can lead up to 90-100% yield loss
depending on fruit fly population , locality , variety
and season.
•Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are among the
world’s most serious pests of horticultural crops due to
their direct economic impact as females oviposit inside
the fruits and consequently young larvae feed on the
pulp thus render them unmarketable.

5. A). What is the fruit Fly
•Fruit fly is any of numerous small, black or steely
green flies of the family Tephritidae, whose eggs
are deposited in fruit for the larvae to feed on after
hatching.
•Also known as Drosophila.

6. B). Importance of fruit flies
•In India, Oriental fruit fly B. dorsalis is the most
destructive fruit fly of mango, followed by Peach fruit
fly B. zonata Saunders and Guava fruit fly B. correcta
•The flies attack fruits at different stages of maturity
but damage is more obvious at harvest maturity
stages.

7. 02.A). Different types of fruit fly
•There are several types of fruit flies,
- Bactrocera dorsalis
- Bactrocera cucurbitae
- Bactrocera correcta
- Bactrocera carambolae
- Bactrocera papayae
- Bactrocera occipitalis
- Bactrocera philippinensis
- Bactrocera invadenns
•Bactrocera dorsalis is one of the most common
species in the world

8. Bactrocera dorsalis B. cucurbitae
B. Correcta B. diversa B. tau

9. B). Lifecycle of the fruit fly
(Bactrocera dorsalis)
Egg laying
Starts
After 2-3
weeks
Adults
2-3
months
Pupa
8-10 day
Larvae
Pupate in soil
Larvae
6-9 day

10. C). Identification of different stage
of fruit fly life cycle
•Adult – Reddish brown with transparent wing
•Larva – creamish yellow apodous maggots.
•Pupa- ranges in color from dull red or brownish yellow

11. 03. Attack of fruit fly
•The damage from fruit flies normally start when the female fruit
fly punctures the fruit with its long and sharp ovipositer. The fruit
skin is breached,bacteriaenter,and the startsto decay.
•The larvae that hatched from the eggs feed on the decaying fruit
tissue,and on the yeastsand bacteriathat multiplyin it .
A). Nature of attack

12. •It is believed that fruit fly females carry bacteria with them that
they inject into the fruit at oviposition so that the fruit decays,
making it more nutritious for the larvae.

13. B). Nature of Damage
•Brownish rotten patches on fruits.
•Fruits finally drops down.
•The larvae pupate in soil (5-10 cm) and flies start
emerging from April onwards with maximum
population during May to July which coincides with
fruit maturity.

14. C). Severity of the Damage
•The emergence of the fruit fly starts from April
onwards and maximum population is reached in
May-July.
•The adults are flies with transparent wings while
larvae are apodoses. Larvae feed upon the pulp of fruit .

15. •Asian countries produced 178 million ton of
tropical fruit which amounted to 66% of the
global production.

16. D). Type of Fruit
•Mango :- Mangifera indica
Attackingstage : Maturefruit & Ripeningfruit
Nature of the attack :
•Watermelon:- Citrullus lanatus
Attackingstage : Maturefruit
Nature of the attack :
•Avocado:-
Attackingstage : Maturefruit & Ripeningfruit
Nature of the attack :

17. •Orange
Attackingstage : Maturefruit & Ripeningfruit
Nature of the attack :
•Banana:- Musa spp.
Attackingstage : Maturefruit & Ripeningfruit
Nature of the attack :
•Papaya:- Carica papaya L.
Attackingstage : Maturefruit & Ripeningfruit
Nature of the attack :

18. •Rambutan
•Apple
Attackingstage : Maturefruit
Nature of the attack :
Attackingstage : Maturefruit
Nature of the attack :
•Guava
Attackingstage : Maturefruit & immature fruit
Nature of the attack :

19. 04. A). Control methods
There are main two typeof controlling methods,
1.Traditionalmethods
- Physicalmethods
- Biologicalmethods
2. Conventional methods
- Physicalmethods
- Chemical methods
- Biologicalmethods

20. 1. Traditional methods
Traditional methods,
These methods are easy to practiceand mostly done
by traditionalfarmers & small holders.
These methods are environmentfriendly& no
hazardouseffects to other organisms.

21. Sanitation
Removal of fallen fruits (damaged); each fruit can
produce up to 400 FF adults. Removal and
destruction is very import for FF
IPM; collected fruits should be buried 6 inches
deep in soil. some part of China achieved good
success in reducing population of FF using
sanitation
Covering
Immature fruits should be completely covered by
using polybags.

22. Correct harvesting time
Fruits are harvested at the correct time period.
Hot water treatment
Immerse the fruits in mild water (50 c) for 2 to 3
minutes.

23. 2. Conventional methods
These are newly practice methods.
- Cover spraying of insecticides
- Bagging & Sanitation
- Para-pheromone trapping
- Sterile Insect Technique
- Mesh Bags and Mesh Sleeves
- Biological Controls
- Male annihilation
- Protein baits

24. a). Physical conventional
method
1. Mesh Bags and Mesh Sleeves
Young fruits should be completely
bagged, bags must not have any holes, prevent
oviposition. Initially labor intensive.
2. Sanitation
All damaged fruits must be destroyed to break
the cycle of infection. Remove every fruit from
the tree with dimples.

25. b). Chemical conventional
methods
1. Cover spraying of insecticides
Not recommended in IPM as there are other
robust tools available. however in citrus fruits FF can be
suppressed by a single spray, limited use of pesticides in
protein baits .
2. Sterile Insect Technique
Available in some countries like in Thailand.
Better when working with a low population can also be used
in combination of other methods .
Some researches are already being conducting in Our country
also.

26. 3. Male annihilation
Using lures (ME) and cue- lures large number of
traps are needed traps are excellent tools for ministering
flies population.
4. Protein baits
There are Various types / formulations of protein
baits available. So when this use,
Sexually immature males,
sexually immature, mature females.

27. 6. Para-pheromone trapping
Synthetic compounds - similar in action
to natural secretions of female para-
pheromones.

28. c). Biological conventional
methods
•Fruit fly has no specific predator.
•Generalist predators include: braconid wasps which
are egg parasites. ants and ground beetles feed on
maggots, spiders catch adults in webs.
•Predatory flying insects such as dragonflies and
robber flies. birds such as swallows, Restless
Flycatchers and Willy Wagtails. Increasing the range
of habitats available will not give full control but will
inevitably give a wide range of benefits.

29. B). How to control the
population
As an example
• let’s stay the method that we can control fruit fly by
using male sterility.
•When we are producing male sterile fruit fly an if we
release them in to the normal environment.
•The population automatically decline due to
production of un fertile eggs.

30. 05. Reference
http://ipm.ait.asia
http://www.thefreedictionary.com
www.vegeableipmasia.org
.

31. THANK YOU.