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Virtualization: where it came from and where it's going
- 1. Virtualization: where it came
from and where it’s going
Kyle Smith
Sr. Member of Technical Staff
VMware, Inc.
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 2. Who am I?
! " Working on cloud computing at VMware (vCloud)
! " Previously at IBM working with Linux on the mainframe
! " Introduced to virtualization by folks at Clarkson University in
2003
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 2
- 3. Agenda
! " How it came about
! " The early days
! " The transition from mainframe to commodity
! " Competition in the commodity space
! " The state of virtualization today
! " The future
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 3
- 4. Motivation for virtualization
! " On the mainframe, it originated in time-sharing
!" Computers too expensive for many to own
!" Turned out to be better to give people a whole virtual S/360 than to
run multiple copies of the app
! " On commodity systems, consolidation was the driving force
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 4
- 5. Early work from IBM
! " S/360 didn’t support time sharing
! " IBM wanted to win business from MIT
! " Proposal rejected, CSC began working on an OS that would
allow S/360 to TS
! " Result was the control program (CP)
! " Up to 14 VMs, 256K of memory each
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 5
- 6. CP/CMS and S/370
! " CP/CMS ended in 1972
! " IBM introduced VM/370 for the new hardware family
! " Virtual storage introduced
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 6
- 7. Fast forward to the 1990s
! " Client/server is the architecture du jour
! " 1 app per server
! " Virtualized hardware available, but $$$
! " Disco: commodity OSes on scalable multiprocessors
!" Namely, IRIX
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 7
- 8. Disruptive change
! " As with most ideas from academia in the late 1990s...
! " N faculty members + M students + venture capital = $$$
! " And VMware was born
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 8
- 9. Old model: traditional x86 architecture
>" Operating system and hardware tightly
coupled
>" Applications often interfere with each
other
>" Expensive resources are underutilized
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 9
- 10. “New” model: virtual machines
>" Separate
OS and hardware – break
hardware dependencies
>" Manage OS and application as single
unit by encapsulating them in VMs
>" Strong fault and security isolation
>" Standard,
hardware independent
environments can be provisioned
anywhere
>" Flexibility
to choose the right OS for
the right application
>" Different
from emulation. Instructions
mostly executed by physical hardware.
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 10
- 11. Competition heats up
2003: Xen
2005: Parallels, Solaris containers
2005/2006: Intel and AMD add VT extensions
2007: KVM, Sun logical domains
2008: Microsoft Hyper-V
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 11
- 12. From solution to platform
Early Generation Focus Platform Focus
Multiple Apps per Machine Infrastructure Abstraction
High
Availability
Dynamic
Resource
Scheduling
vShield
Zones
vMotion vNetwork
Distributed
SwitchStorage
vMotion
Key Benefit = Consolidation Key Benefit =
Dynamic, Flexible Infrastructure
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 12
- 13. Wild claim?
! " All the good ideas for virtualization up until 2003 came from the
mainframe
! " The good ideas since then have come from VMware
!" (Xen had some too)
! " Without VMware driving the state of the art, the mainframe
probably would be dead today
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 13
- 14. Record and replay
! " The problem: A rare timing dependent bug
!" Race conditions, deadlocks, etc.
!" Could occur only 1 in 1000 times
! " Exceedingly painful to debug
!" Test test test…crash – debug a little
!" Test test test…crash – debug a little
! " Solution: Replay execution with the exact same timings each
time. But how?
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 14
- 15. Non-determinism
Storage I/O
! " Latency depends on caching, disk positioning
Network I/O
! " Timing dependent on other machines, traffic
! " Other machines may not be present during replay, won’t be in same state as before
User I/O
! " Keyboard, Mouse, etc depends on humans
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 15
- 16. Recording
VMware is the hardware
! " Hypervisor can record any external events
! " Complete control over when events are visible to the guest OS
& applications
All events happen on instruction boundaries
! " Log events with instruction counter value
!" Well, not really, but close.
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 16
- 17. Application - debugging
Debugging
! " Reproducible bugs
! " Mobile bugs
!" Zip up the statelog and
snapshot state, mail your bug
to the developers
! " Reverse execution debugging
!" Revert to snapshot, play forward to desired point
!" Gives illusion of (slow) reverse execution
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 17
- 18. Applications – continuous availability
Goal: Seamless failover
Primary machine
! " Records a state log of its execution
! " Sends each entry to the secondary machine
Secondary machine
! " Replays primary’s state log in real time
! " If primary fails, simply “go live”
! " Secondary has become the primary
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 18
- 19. Applications – continuous availability
Goal: Seamless failover
Primary machine
! " Records a state log of its execution
! " Sends each entry to the secondary machine
Secondary machine
! " Replays primary’s state log in real time
! " If primary fails, simply “go live”
! " Secondary has become the primary
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 19
- 20. Where it’s going
! " Appliances/vApps
! " Mobile virtualization
! " Virtual desktops
! " Cloud computing
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 20
- 21. Appliances/vApps
! " Based on Open Virtualization Format
!" A DMTF standard
! " Self-contained application
! " Disks + metadata
! " N-tier apps in a single package
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 21
- 25. Virtual desktop infrastructure
Multiple alternative computing options emerging:
Common Thread: solutions targeted at enabling centralized
management and control of data, image and applications
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 25
- 26. Why server-based desktop virtualization?
! " The need for “access anywhere” with increasing
numbers of remote workers and offshoring.
! " The promise of operating cost reductions
!" Longer hardware cycles
!" Fewer client-side visits
!" Increased uptime
! " Centralized management = control
! " Centralized data = security
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 26
- 29. The shift
“Cloud”
Web + Frictionless
deployment
Client/Server + Simplified mgmt
+ Simple to deploy thru abstraction
and manage
+ On-demand
Mainframe + Distributed CPU + Broader access scale
utilization
+ Scale
+ Unparalleled
+ Centralized mgmt + Added flexibility
- Limited flexibility flexibility
+ Secure - Complex / costly
- Limited efficiency + Secure
to deploy &
- Limited access manage - Not secure + Highly efficient
- Inflexible - Not secure
- Costly - Not efficient
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 29
- 30. Acknowledgements
! " Julia Austin
! " Steve Herrod
! " Carl Waldspurger
! " Eric Newcomer
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 30
- 31. vCloud API coffee talk
Tomorrow, 9/16 at noon
http://vmware.com/go/vcloudapi
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved. 31
- 33. Further questions?
Send email to
kmsmith@vmware.com
Copyright © 2009 Kyle Smith and VMware, Inc. All rights reserved.