1. Classification
LOs
•Define and describe the binomial system of
naming species
•Classify the five main classes and describe their
features
•Use simple dichotomous keys based on
features
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2. Starter: Place the following organisms
into groups of your choosing.
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4. Dolphins and sharks
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GmLYGzlPL
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjFqO16w_
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5. Whales and sharks
Whales and sharks both live in the sea, and could be
considered to look quite similar. However, they are entirely
different species:
whales
sharks
have lungs
have gills
warm-blooded
give birth to
live young
cold-blooded
mammal
fish
lay eggs
Whales and sharks look similar because they have developed structures such as
fins and a streamlined body to help them to live in the sea environment.
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6. What is a species?
A group of
organisms that look
the same
A group of
organisms that look
different but can
breed
A group of
organisms that can
breed
A group of similar
organisms that are
capable of
interbreeding to
produce fertile
offspring
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7. What is a species?
A huge variety of organisms live on our planet.
Scientists have put living things into groups to make them
easier to identify. This is called classification.
Organisms can be classified into
different species.
A species is a group of similar organisms
that are capable of interbreeding to
produce fertile offspring.
So far, scientists have identified around 290,000 species of
plants, 1,250,000 species of animals and 5 million species of
bacteria living on our planet.
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8. The grouping together of
animals is called classification.
A group of similar organisms is
called a taxon. The study of
classification is called
taxonomy.
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9. The importance of habitat
Sometimes organisms with a recent common ancestor live in
different environments. They may evolve quite differently, even though their DNA
is similar.
The Galapagos Islands are home to many species
of finch that all evolved from a recent common
ancestor. However, today the finch species have
different features to help them survive on their
particular islands.
Some finches have beaks that are best for eating fruit, while others have beaks
adapted to eating seed or insects. This varies according to what the main source
of food is on the island where they live.
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10. Living in similar habitats
• Organisms that are not closely related
may share several features
• They have to solve the same
environmental problems
Belong to the phylum Cnidaria
Belong to the phylum Mollusca
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11. Closely related species can look very different
• The share certain characteristics and are classified close
together but live in very different habitats.
• Habitats determine their features
Arctic fox lives in the arctic
Fennec fox lives in the desert
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12. Problems with classifying species
Sometimes it is not easy to classify organisms into species.
Bacteria usually reproduce asexually. However, our definition
of ‘species’ is based on organisms that can breed together.
This definition therefore does not work for bacteria.
Many common duck species can breed together to
produce hybrids. There have been over 400 types
of duck hybrid recorded.
These are often fertile, and can breed with each
other or the native ducks, producing ducks with a
variety of characteristics.
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13. Problems with classifying species
Mules are hybrids, made by breeding a donkey with a horse.
+
=
Most are infertile, but occasionally female mules do mate with donkeys or horses
to produce offspring. This does not fit with our definition of species, and makes it
hard to classify
the animals.
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16. Binomial classification
The classification system that scientists
use today was developed by
Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century.
This system is known as binomial
classification. It uses Latin names, so
scientists around the world can use the
same names without confusion.
The first part of an organism’s scientific name is its genus,
and the second part is the species.
e.g.
Tyrannosaurus rex
Genus
species
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17. Evolution and classification
Classification enables us to explore the evolutionary origins of
an organism.
Two organisms in the same genus are
generally very similar, and are therefore
likely to share an ancestor in the recent past.
For example, the genus Canis includes
dogs, jackals and wolves.
Two organisms in the same kingdom (e.g. dogs
and spiders) share some characteristics, but are
different in many ways. Consequently, their
common ancestor is likely to be in the distant past.
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18. Evolutionary trees
An evolutionary tree represents the evolutionary relationship
between organisms. Organisms with recent common
ancestors are closer together on the tree.
Scientists use the following evidence to construct
evolutionary trees:
genetics and DNA
fossil records
the structures of organisms
patterns of embryonic
development.
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37. Hierarchical classification system
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata (vertebrates)
Class : Mammals
Order: Primates
Family : Hominidae
Genus : Homo
Species
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39. Hierarchical classification system
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata (vertebrates)
Class : Mammals
Order: Primates
Family : Hominidae
Genus : Homo
Species:
Homo sapiens
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40. Evolutionary tree – mammals
This evolutionary tree shows some examples of mammals.
platypus
opossum
cow
human
chimp
monkey
mouse
rat
horse
Which animal is
most closely related
to the human?
Which animal is
most closely related
to the horse?
Which animal
branched out from
the others furthest
back in evolutionary
time?
dog
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41. Mnemonics to help you remember
the taxons
King
penguins
Climb
Over
Frozen
Grassy
Slopes
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42. Mnemonics to help you remember
the taxons
King
Prawn
Curry
Or
Fat
Greasy
Sausages
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44. Flowering plants are classified into two
groups:
Monocotyledonous plants
1 cotyledon
strap like leaves
parallel veins
flower parts divisible by 3
example: kaffir lily
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45. Flowering plants are classified into two
groups:
Dicotyledonous plants
2 cotyledons
broad leaves
branching veins
flower parts divisible by
4 or 5
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46. Which plant is a monocotyledon and
which is a dicotyledon?
dicotyledon
monocotyledon
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48. Bacteria are single celled organisms
• Bacteria cells are about 1/1000th the size of animal or
plant cells.
cell membrane
cytoplasm
DNA
no nucleus,
DNA is one
long strand
kept in the
cytoplasm
cell wall
made of
peptidoglycans
slime capsule
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50. The main body of a fungus is the
mycelium, which is made of hyphae
• Fungal cells have cell walls made of substances
such as chitin
mushroom
sporangium containing spores
spores produced here
hyphae of mushroom
mycelium
Mucor
growing on
moist bread
hyphae of Mucor
mycelium:
Secrete digestive
enzymes
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51. Viruses are not classified as living
things as they are not made of cells
• Viruses are very small, approximately 100nm
across (1nm = 1/1000 000 of a mm)
10nm
proteins of the
virus coat
RNA
cross section of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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52. Viruses reproduce by invading other
cells
White blood cell (lymphocyte)
6. New viruses
leave the cell
5. Virus cores
are made in the
cytoplasm
1. Virus attaches
to cell membrane
2. Virus RNA
enters cell
3. DNA copy of
the RNA is made
4. Nucleus
makes copies of
the virus RNA
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53. Using the book (Pg 5, 6 ,7)…
Practice at Classifying
different Invertebrates…
EXT: Make a Key to identify unknown
organisms…?
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55. The binomial system gives organisms a two word
name showing the genus and species
Genus
species Genus
Panthera leo
species
Panthera tigris
Genus
species
Panthera pardus
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56. There are other classification systems:
• Cladistics:
Based on similarity and differences
between DNA and RNA sequences
AAAA
Extended
AGAA
AACA
AGTA
AGGA
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57. You will need to be able to:
• Define and describe the binomial system of naming
species
• Use a dichotomous key to identify an unknown organism
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58. Keys use a series of questions to identify
unknown organisms
cap
Identify the fungus
1. Stalk does not have a frill
Stalk has a frill
2. Stem is brown
Stem is yellow
frill
go to 2
go to 3
Fungus A
Fungus B
3. Cap has spots
Cap does not have spots
go to 4
Fungus C
4. Cap is red
Cap is brown
Fungus D
Fungus E
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59. Now you should be able to
• Define and describe the
binomial system of naming
species
• Use a dichotomous key to
identify an unknown
organism
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Hinweis der Redaktion
Teacher notes
Taxonomy is the science of studying classification.
There are millions of species in world and only a small percentage has been identified. Half a million beetle species alone people job identifying species. Consistent in how we classify. For hundreds of years used system based on a swedish biologist called Carl linnaeus.
This content is higher tier for OCR Gateway GCSE Science.
Zebra & donkey -/ zebronkey.
Current classification system based on his system. Work topwards down you have 5 kingdoms. There are some 10 million species of living organisms (mostly insects), and many more extinct ones, so they need to be classified in a systematic way. In 1753 the Swede Carolus Linnaeus introduced the binomial nomenclature for naming organisms. This consists of two parts: a generic name (with a capital letter) and a specific name (with a small letter), e.g. Panthera leo (lion) and Panthera tigris (tiger). This system replaced non-standard common names, and is still in use today.
Teacher notes
The genus is usually given a capital letter and the species a lowercase letter. The name should be written in italics or underlined.
Image credit: Painting by J.H. Scheffel. This work of art is in the public domain.
Teacher notes
You may wish to ask students to list the characteristics shared by the dog, jackal and wolf, and then those shared by the dog, spider and fish. Discuss the idea that animals which are more similar are classified more closely together, and have a common ancestor in the recent past.
You might like to ask students to research the characteristics of animals in the Phylum Chordata, Class Mammalia and Order Carnivora to illustrate this further.
Heterotrophic obtain carbon by eating others things. Some organism take carbon directly from environment e.g plants. (autotrophic)
nly need kno 3.
Teacher notes
It might be worth pointing out that the tree shows examples of mammals, and not every mammal is included. More able pupils could research a more complete tree.
The answers to the questions posed on the slide, in order, are: chimp, dog, platypus.
Further questions for discussion include:
Which would you expect to share more characteristics, a dog and a horse or a mouse and a monkey? Why?
Which pair of animals do you think had the most recent ancestor? Why?
Which pair of animals do you think had the most distant ancestor? Why?