1. Scientific Revolution
Copernicus
Galileo
Chapter 20
Newton

2. Science in the Middle Ages
 Most
believed the world was flat
 Most believed theories developed
by Greek philosophers and
scientists
 Catholic doctrine had most
believing geocentric theory.

3. REASONS FOR SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION
Exploration created need for new
instruments and a desire to discover
 Printing Press
 Monarch Support
 Royal Society (England)
 Academy of Sciences (France)


4. Theories about
the Universe
Nicolaus Copernicus published
heliocentric theory in 1543 (year he died)
 Johannes Kepler used math formulas to
prove planets moved in ellipses in 1601
 Galileo Galilei

Catholic who supported Copernican theory
 Inquisition forced him to recant in 1633


5. Isaac Newton
 Used
scientific method & mathematics
to write “Principia”
 Expanded the ideas of Copernicus,
Kepler, and Galileo using calculus to
explain his ideas about gravity (1687)

6. Scientific Method

Applied to other areas:

Philosophy
 (Bacon,

Descartes)
Instruments
 (Janssen,

Anatomy
 (Vesalius,

Fahrenheit, Celsius)
Harvey, Hooke, Jenner)
Chemistry
 (Boyle,
Priestley)

7. Effects of Science
 Scientific
thought and method
influenced political theories with
the development of natural laws
 Universe was a machine
 Use of reason to solve problems
 Challenge authority and tradition

8. The Enlightenment
Chapter 6 Section 2

9. Age of Enlightenment
 God
created the universe which was a
giant machine that functioned
according to fixed laws (Newton’s
Laws)
 Deism denounced organized religion
as corrupt and exploitive
 Focus on individualism and use of
reason, not superstition

10. CORE BELIEFS OF
PHILISOPHES
REASON
 NATURE
 HAPPINESS
 PROGRESS
 LIBERTY

(p. 196)

12. Salon Life
 The
minds and middle class of
Europe mingled with the nobility
 Discussed the new ideas of the era
 Denis Diderot combined these
writings and ideas into 28 volumes he
called the Encyclopedia in 1751
 Neoclassical art and classical Music

13. 
Approaches to Natural
Law
Thomas Hobbes
Monarchy was the most stable form of gov’t
 People should give up their freedom-Social
Contract


John Locke
people had natural rights from birth, including
life, liberty, and property
 gov’t was developed by humans to protect
those rights


14. Political Reforms
In 1748, Montesquieu wrote “Spirit of
Laws”
 Gov’t should be equally divided among
3 branches of gov’t


15. Voltaire
 French
Deist and Philosophe
 Satire criticized the Church and
the Royal Court
 Wrote Candide
 Exiled to England

16. Rousseau
 Rousseau
criticized civilizations and
institutions
 Social Contract inspired democratic
gov’ts (Differed from Hobbes)
 Origin of injustice is possessions
 Private interests must come second to
the collective whole

17. Enlightened Despots
 Rulers
respected peoples rights
 Frederick
II of Prussia
 Catherine II of Russia
 Joseph II of Austria