Identification: This involves establishing the identity of individuals who are requesting access to a system or resource. This can be done through various means, such as usernames, passwords, biometrics, or smart cards. Authentication: This involves verifying the identity of individuals who are requesting access to a system or resource. This can be done through various means, such as passwords, tokens, or biometric scans. Authorization: This involves determining what level of access individuals have to resources within the system. This can be based on a variety of factors, such as job role, organizational hierarchy, or individual need. Auditing: This involves monitoring and recording the activities of individuals within the system. This can help to detect and prevent unauthorized access or activity.