2.  Coordinating Conjunctions
 Subordinating Conjunctions
 Transitions
 The Differences Between
Coordinating, Subordinating Conjunctions
and Transitions

3. You can join two clauses together by placing a comma
and a coordinating conjunction between them.
Here is a list of the most common coordinating
conjunctions:
F : for
A: and
N: nor
B : but
O: or
Y : yet
S : so

4. Look at the examples that follow
 The bowl of squid eyeball stew is hot and
deliciouns.
 Rocky, my orange tomcat, loves having his head
scratched but hates getting his claws trimmed.
 My daughter wants to be a mechanic, so she
spends every spare minute at the garage.
 Tasha’s living room is cozy, yet her guests
always gather in the kitchen.

5.  Two clauses can also be joined with a
subordinating conjunction.
Subordinating Conjunction
after since as
because when(ever) although
before unless whereas
while until if

6.  Whe could see very clearly last night since the
moon was so bright.
 Unless his shoulder loosens up a bit, Ron will
stay on the bench.
 Jessica sent the woman to her mother’s home
because Clara had been caring for foster
children for years.
 Although many children were in need of
special care, no centers existed at the time for
babies born addicted to drugs and alcohol.

7.  Some of the most important
subordinating conjunctions fall into two
groups: contrast and cause and effect.
Conjunction Function
although
though express contrast between
whereas ideas
while
because show a cause/effect
as relationship between ideas
since

8. Some common transition words and
phrases
Adding information: Examples
and , Not only did my brother break his leg,
not only… but also, but he also bruised his rib.
also, Students should be on time.
moreover, Furthermore, they must be prepared
furthermore,
in addition
Showing a Result  The committee voted against the
so proposal. Thus, we must consider another
as a result idea.
therefore Tina lost her keys. Consequently, she
thus could not drive home.
as a consequence

9. Giving Examples: He often eats strange foods.For
for example istance, he once ate cow brains.
for instance My friend hates skiing for several
specifically reasons. The first reasons is that she
İn particular dislikes being cold. Another reasons is
The first(second,another,etc.) that she often falls
example/reason is…
Showing a Contrast: We wanted to leave at 8:00. However,
but Mike arrived too late.
however Women usually enjoy shopping.In
on the other hand contrast, men often dislike it.
otherwise
instead
in contrast
Showing a Concession:  I need to wear reading glasses.
yet Nevertheless, I hate how I look in them
nevertheless  Even though the book is difficult to
even so read, it is very interesting.
however
although
even though

10. Showing a Similarity: Math was hard for me in high school.
Likewise Likewise , it is hard in college.
Similarly Rock climbing takes much practice
İn the same way and skill. In the same way , learning to
write well requires a great deal of
practice.
Showing a Condition: I must study hard, or I will fail my exam
Or Whether you are caming or not,I am still
Whether…or going to Amy’s party.
İf…(then)
Explaining or Emphasizing: James is actually the first person I have
in fact known who has been to Africa.
actually He was late to class again.In other
in other words words,he didn’t wake up on tıme.
namely
Establishing Time Relation or Sequence: In summary,we should offer her some
first financial help. Jeff was working hard to
second clean the house. Meanwhile, his brother
finally was watching television.
in conclusion
in summary

11.  Use a coordinating conjunction when you
want to give equal emphasis to two main
clauses.
The pattern for coordination looks like this:
MAİN CLAUSE + , + coordinating conjunction + MAİN CLAUSE
o There have been many health warnings about
smoking , but people smoke anyway.

12.  Subordination, however , emphasizes the idea
in the main clauses more than the one in the
subordinate clause .
The patterns+look like these:
MAİN CLAUSES Ø + SUBORDİNATE CLAUSE
SUBORDİNATE CLAUSE + , + MAİN CLAUSE
o Shane remained at the library until his
daughter called to ask for a ride home.
o Because some student work hard in the
IELTS class they will get a good grade.

13.  Transition Phrases: They make seperate
sentences
Full stop before + comma afterwards
o Biology is a difficult course. Similarly , many
students who take physics end up
dissappointed with their grade
o I enjoy sports. In particular , I enjoy hockey
and football.

14. • Susan Fawcett & Alvin Sandberg (2000)
Evergreen with Readings/ a guide to writing -
sixth edition-
• Nilgün Yorgancı Furnerss (2006) Milestones of
English Grammar I / Perfecting and Practising
English Structure
• Google
http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/c
oordinatingconjunction.htm
http://www.wiziq.com/tutorial/181109-
Transition-Phrases-Conjunctions-The-
differences