2. Introduction
Food is required for growth , repairing damaged tissues and
cells.
It helps to fight pathogens that enter our body.
India is very populous country and for our growing population ,
we will soon need more than quarter of a billion tones of grains
every year .
This can be done by farming on more land but India is already
intensively cultivated as a result , we do not have any major
scope for increasing the area of land under cultivation ,
therefore, it is necessary to increase our production efficiency for
both crop and livestock.
3. KHARIF CROPS RABI CROPS
They are grown in monsoon. They are grown in winter.
They grow in hot and wet season. They grow in cold and dry conditions.
They are sown during June- July. They are sown in October- November.
They are harvested during September-
October
They are harvested during March- April
Examples:-Rice, Maize, Groundnut, Soya
bean, Green Gram, Cotton, Black
Gram.
Examples:-Wheat, Barley, Gram,
Mustard, Linseed, Pea.
4. Improvement in Crop Yields
The Major groups of activities for improving
crop yields can be classified as :-
Crop Variety Improvement
Crop Production Improvement
Crop Production Management
5. Crop Variety Improvement
Hybridization:
1. Crossing between genetically dissimilar plants.
2. It may be :
Inter-varietal
Inter-Specific
Inter-Generic
3. By introducing a gene that would provide the desired
characteristics i.e. genetically modified crop
6. Crop Production Improvement
Nutrient Management
Nutrients are supplied to plants by air ,water and soil
Source Nutrients
Air Carbon, Oxygen
Water Hydrogen, Oxygen
Soil Macronutrients:
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium,
Magnesium ,Sulphur
Micronutrients:
Iron, Manganese, Boron, Zinc, Copper,
Molybdenum, Chlorine
7. MACRO- NUTRIENTS MICRO- NUTRIENTS
1. They are required in large quantities. 1. They are required in small quantities.
2. They take part in building plant body and 2They have no such functions.
different protoplasmic structures.
3They have no significant role in enzyme 3. They are involved in enzyme activity and
activity and electron transport. electron transport.
. Examples:- Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Examples:- Iron, Manganese, Boron,
potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphur. Zinc, Copper, Molybdenum, Chlorine.
8. MANURE:- These are natural fertilizers which contain every nutrient
required by the plant. It is prepared by the decomposition of animal and
plant excreta. It includes farmyard manure (FYM), compost green
manures, vermi-compost etc.
FYM includes the decomposed matter of cattle excreta, urine along with
litter and left over matter such as roughage and fodder.
Compost refers to all the waste like vegetable peels, animal and plant
excreta, sewage waste etc.
Green manuring refers growing, mulching by ploughing and green crops
with soil to improve physical structure and soil fertility.
Vermi-composting refers to putting of organic waste in soil and develop
earthworms to replenish soil with nutrients.
9. It enriches the soil with nutrients, and replenishes the
general deficiency of nutrients in the soil.
It adds humus to the soil which restores the soil
texture for better retention of water and for aeration
of soil.
Its organic matter provides food for bacteria and
fungi.
10. They are not specific in its action.
They are not easily portable.
It is not useful when a particular nutrient is required in the soil.
11. Fertilizers contain all the three critical elements which become deficient,
viz., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. They are rich in a particular
nutrient. It is an inorganic salt.
They are divided in four groups:-
NITROGENOUS FERTILIZERS:- It supplies the macro- nutrient
nitrogen. Ex:- Urea, Ammonium Sulphate etc.
PHOSPHATIC FERTILIZERS:- It is a source of phosphorus. Ex:-
Single Superphosphate, Triple Superphosphate,Dicalcium phosphate etc.
POTASSIC FERTILIZERS:- It is a source of Potassium. Ex:- Potassium
Sulphate, Potassium Nitrate.
COMPLEX FERTILIZERS:- It contains more than one nutrient. Ex:-
Nitro phosphate, Urea ammonium phosphate etc.
12.
13. MANURE FERTILIZER
1. It is a natural substance obtained 1. It is an inorganic salt.
from decomposition of animal and
plant wastes.
2. It contains small amounts of 2.It is very rich in NPK.
essential nutrients like NPK.
3. It adds humus to the soil. 3. It does not add humus to soil.
4. It is not specific in action and it 4. It is specific in action and solutes
doesn’t solute in water. easily in water.
5. It removes the general deficiency of 5. It provides nutrients to the soil
the soil. according to its need.
6.It is cheap and prepared in rural home. 6. It is costly and prepared in factories.
7. It is voluminous and bulky so it is not 7. It is compact concentrated so it is
easily portable, storable, applying to easy to store, transport or apply to
crop or handling. crop.
14. Sustainability means keeping an effort going continuously. This
means to successful management of resources for agriculture to
satisfy the changing human needs, while maintaining or
enhancing the quality of environment and conserving natural
resources.
Our food production is divided into five revolutions:-
Green revolution :- Bumper production of food grains.
Blue Revolution :- Enhanced fish production.
White revolution :- Increased milk production
Yellow revolution:- Increased oil production
Golden revolution:- Increased pulse production.
15. Sustainable agriculture can be achieved by:- 1. Mixed farming
2.Inter-cropping 3.Crop rotation 4.Crop selection 5. Varietal
improvement
Achieves the integration of natural biological cycles and controls.
Protects and renews soil fertility and the natural resource base.
Optimizes the management and use of farm resources.
Reduces the use of non-renewable resources and purchased
production inputs.
Provides an adequate and dependable form of income.
Promotes opportunity in family farming and farm communities.
16. In these farming there is not a single use of chemical fertilizers,
pesticides or herbicides ,so, there is no toxicity due to pollution of
crop plants, soil, water or air. In these farming biofertilizers,
biopesticides and manure are used. Biofertilizers include nitrogen
fixing organisms like bacteria and blue green algae and mineral
solubilizing bacteria. Biopesticides kill the weeds, insects and pests.
Examples:- azardirachtin (Morgosa or neem), pyrethrum
(chrysanthemum), thurioside (bacterium- Bacillus thurigiensis)
17. It does not cause pollution of any
component of our environment.
Farm wastes are recycled.
The foods obtained from organic farming
are free from pesticides and toxic chemicals.
It maintains soil health.
It keeps insect pests and weeds under
check.
18.
19. The process of supplying water to crop plant through human efforts by
means of canals, wells, reservoirs, tube- wells, etc. is known as irrigation.
20. It provides them two essential nutrients:- hydrogen and oxygen important
for growth of growth of plant.
It provides sufficient moisture for the germination of seeds because plants
don’t grow in dry soil.
It helps to increase aerial branches (tillers) In crop plants to get a good
yield.
It helps in absorption of nutrient elements by the crop plants from the soil.
Irrigation by rivers gives silt to soil enhancing soil fertility and crop yield.
In desert area it helps to reduce the salinity of the soil.
Irrigation by dams helps to control floods, generate hydro- electric power
and improve the navigability of the rivers.
21. It is the practice growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same
land. It minimizes the risk and insure against the crop failure due to
abnormal weather conditions.
SOME COMBINATIONS:-
1. Maize + Urad Bean
2. Groundnut + Sunflower
3.Cotton + Moong Bean
4.Barley + Chick Pea
5. Wheat + Mustard
6. Wheat + Chick Pea
22. It is the practice of growing two or more simultaneously in a same field in
definite row patterns with the objective of increasing productivity per unit
area.
23. MIXED CROPPING INTER CROPPING
1. It minimizes the risk of crop failure. 1.It increases productivity per unit area.
2. Seeds of two crops are mixed before 2.Seeds of two crops are not mixed.
sowing.
3. It involves no set patterns of row of crops. 3. It involves set patterns as per needed of
the crops.
4. There is a difficulty of fertilizer 4. In intercropping fertilizer can be placed
application to individual crops. as per need of the crops.
5. Spraying for pest control to individual 5. Pesticides can be easily applied to
crop is difficult. individual crop.
6. Harvesting and threshing of crops 6. Both crops can be easily harvested and
separately not possible. threshed separately.
7. Marketing and consumption of only 7. Product of each crop can be marketed
mixed produce is possible. and consumed separately.
24. The growing of two crops alternatively is called crop
rotation.
25. It controls pests and weeds . Pathogens can only
survive for a short time.
It reduces the needs of fertilizers.
Several crops maybe grown in succession with
only one soil preparation(ploughing).
The soil may be utilized more completely.
29. Animal husbandry
Animal husbandry Is the scientific management of
animal livestock. It Includes various aspects such as
feeding, breeding and disease control. Animal-based
farming includes cattle, goat, sheep, poultry and fish
farming. As the population increases and as living
standards increase, the demand for milk, eggs and
meat Is also going up. Also, the growing awareness of
the need for humane treatment of livestock has
brought In new limitations in livestock farming. Thus,
livestock production also needs to be Improved.
31. Cattle farming
Cattle husbandry is done for two purposes-
milk and draught labour for agricultural
work such as tilling. Irrigation and carting.
Indian cattle belong to two different species,
Bos indicus, cows, and Bos bubalis,
buffaloes. Milk-producing females are called
milch animals (dairy animals), while the
ones used for farm labour are called draught
animals.
32. Milk production depends, to some extent,
on the duration of the lactation period,
meaning the period of milk production after
the birth of a calf. So, milk production can
be increased by increasing the lactation
period. Exotic or foreign breeds (for
example, Jersey, Brown Swiss) are selected
for long lactation periods, while local breeds
(for example. Red Sindhi, Sahiwal) show
excellent resistance to diseases. The two can
be crossbred to get animals with both the
desired qualities
33. Poultry farming
Poultry farming is undertaken to raise domestic fowl for egg
production and chicken meat. Therefore, improved poultry
breeds are developed and farmed to produce layers for eggs
and broilers for meat.
The cross-breeding programmers between Indian
(indigenous, for example, Aseel) and foreign (exotic, for
example, Leghorn) breeds for variety improvement are
focused on to develop new varieties for the following
desirable traits—
(i) number and quality of chicks; (ii) dwarf broiler parent
for commercial chick production; (iii ) summer
adaptation capacity/ tolerance to high temperature;
(iv) low maintenance requirements; (v) reduction in the
size of the egg-laying bird with ability to utilize more fibrous
cheaper diets formulated using agricultural by-products.
34. The food requirements of dairy animals are of two types:
(a) maintenance requirement, which is the food required
to support the animal to live a healthy life, and (b) milk
producing requirement, which is the type of food
required during the lactation period. Animal feed
includes:(a) roughage, which is largely fibre, and
(b) concentrates, which are low in fibre and contain
relatively high levels of proteins and other nutrients.
Cattle need balanced rations containing all nutrients in
proportionate amounts. Besides such nutritious food
material, certain feed additives containing
micronutrients promote the health and milk output of
dairy animals.
36. Egg and broiler production
The ration (daily food requirement) for broilers is
protein rich with adequate fat. The level of vitamins A and
K is kept high in the poultry feeds.
Poultry fowl suffer from a number of diseases caused by
virus, bacteria, fungi, parasites, as well as from nutritional
deficiencies. These necessitate proper cleaning,
sanitation, and spraying of disinfectants at regular
intervals. Appropriate vaccination can prevent the
occurrence of infectious diseases and reduce loss of
poultry during an outbreak of disease.
37. EGG AND BROILER PRODUCTION
Broilers are sent to market for meat purposes.
For good production of poultry birds, good
management practices are important. These Include
maintenance of temperature and hygienic conditions in
housing and poultry feed, as well as prevention and
control of diseases and pests.
The housing, nutritional and environmental
requirements of broilers are somewhat different from
those of egg layers.
Broiler chickens are fed with vitamin-rich
supplementary feed for good growth rate and better feed
efficiency. Care is taken to avoid mortality and to
maintain feathering and carcass
39. Fish production
Fish is a cheap source of animal protein for our
food. Fish production includes the finned true fish
as well as shellfish such as prawns and molluscs.
There are two ways of obtaining fish. One is from
natural resources, which is called capture fishing.
The other way is by fish farming, which is called
culture fishery. The water source of the fish can be
either seawaters or fresh water, such as in rivers
and ponds. Fishing can thus be done both by
capture and culture of fish in marine and
freshwater ecosystems.
40. MARINE FISHERIES
India's marine fishery resources include 7500
km of coastline and the deep seas beyond it.
Popular marine fish varieties Include
pompret, mackerel, tuna, sardines, and
Bombay duck. Marine fish are caught using
many kinds of fishing nets from fishing
boats. Yields are increased by locating large
schools of fish in the open sea using
satellites and echo-sounders.
41. Some marine fish of high economic
value are also farmed in seawater. This
Includes finned fishes like mullets,
bhetki, and pearl spots, shellfish such
as prawns ,mussels and oysters as well
as seaweed. Oysters are also cultivated
for the pearls they make.
42. INLAND FISHERIES
Fresh water resources include canals,
ponds, reservoirs and rivers. Brackish
water resources, where seawater and
fresh water mix together, such as
estuaries and lagoons are also important
fish reservoirs. While capture fishing is
also done in such inland water bodies,
the yield is not high. Most fish
production from these resources Is
through aquaculture.
43. composite fish culture
Fish culture is sometimes done in
combination with a rice crop, so that fish
are grown in the water in the paddy field.
More Intensive fish farming can be done in
composite fish culture systems. Both local
and Imported fish species are used in such
systems
44. One problem with composite fish culture is
that many of these fish breed only during
monsoon. Even if fish seed is collected from
the wild. It can be mixed with that of other
species as well. So, a major problem in fish
farming is the lack of availability of good-
quality seed. To overcome this problem,
ways have now been worked out to breed
these fish in ponds using hormonal
stimulation. This has ensured the supply of
pure fish seed In desired quantities
46. Bee-keeping
Honey is widely used and therefore
beekeeping for making honey has
become an agricultural enterprise.
Since bee-keeping needs low
investments, farmers use it as an
additional income generating activity.
In addition to honey, the beehives are a
source of wax which is used in various
medicinal preparations.
47. The local varieties of bees used for
commercial honey production are Apis
cerana indica, commonly known as the
Indian bee, A. dorsata, the rock bee and A.
florae, the little bee. An Italian bee variety,
A. mettifera, has also been brought in to
increase yield of honey. This is the variety
commonly used for commercial honey
production.
48. The Italian bees have high honey
collection capacity. They sting
somewhat less. They stay in a given
beehive for long periods, and breed
very well. For commercial honey
production, bee farms or apiaries
are established
49. The value or quality of honey depends
upon the pasturage, or the flowers
available to the bees for nectar and
pollen collection. In addition to
adequate quantity of pasturage, the
kind of flowers available will determine
the taste of the honey.
