1. MY SQL
DCL:Data Control Language
1.COMMIT
SQL>COMMIT
This will commit (write to dadabase) the transcation
done by DML
2.ROLLBACK
SQL>ROLLBACK
This will rollback the transactions and will not
commit the changes to the database.
3.GRANT
Giving the permission to acess the user1's objects to
user2.
Grant privilege on <object_name> to <user_ name>
Grant select,insert,delete,update on empdetails to
main_dep
4.REVOKE
Withdraw the privilege which has been granted to the
user, we use the revoke command
Revoke privilege on <object_name> from
<user_name>
Revoke select,insert,delete,update on emp details
from main_dep
2. DDL: Data Definition Language
1.CREATE
create database suji
create table emp(ename varchar(256),eid int identity(1,1),
edep varchar(256),esalary int)
2.ALTER:
alter table emp add eaddr varchar(256)
alter table emp modify ename varchar(200)
3.DROP
drop table emp
DML: Data Manipulation Language
1.SELECT
select * from emp
2.INSERT
insert into emp value (suji,101,it,20000)
3.UPDATE
update emp set ename=amal ,edep=it , esalary=20000
where eid=101
4.DELETE
delete from emp where eid=101
3. PRIVILEGE:
It is the right to access another user's objects.
1.GRANT PRIVILEGE:
Giving the permission to acess the user1's objects to
user2.
Grant privilege on <object_name> to <user_ name>
Grant select,insert,delete,update on empdetails to
main_dep
2.REVOKE PRIVILEGE:
Withdraw the privilege which has been granted to the
user, we use the revoke command
Revoke privilege on <object_name> from
<user_name>
Revoke select,insert,delete,update on emp details
from main_dep
4. FUNCTIONS:
A function perform an operation and return a value.
1.SCALAR FUNCTION
(A)Numeric function
select round(12.5,0),round912.499,1)
select sign(-10),sign(10)
select power(5,3)
(B)String function
select lower(ename),upper(ename) from emp
select len('queries')
select replace('queries','e','i')
(C)Date and Time function
select get date('today date')
select * from emp where month(Doj)=4
(D)System function
DB_NAME()
OBJECT_ID('object name')
(E)Calculating results
select ename,esalary,esalary*12,'annual esalary'
from emp
(F)Convertion function
select ename,convert(varchar,doj,1) AS from emp
'joined date'.
6. USERS:
The mysql database contains a table called user which in turn
contains a number of columns including the user login name and the
users various privileges and connection rights. To obtain a list of users
run the following command:
SELECT user FROM user;
A newly installed MySQL database will only list one user, the root
user:
mysql> select user from user;
Creating a New MySQL User:
The syntax for creating a user account is as follows:
CREATE user name IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
CREATE USER 'johnB'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '
'yrthujoi';
We can verify the new user has been added by querying the user
table:
mysql> SELECT host, user, password FROM
user WHERE user='johnB';
Deleting a MySQL User:
DROP USER user name;
DROP USER 'johnB'@'localhost';
Renaming a MySQL User :
RENAME USER user name TO new user name;
RENAME USER 'johnB'@'localhost' TO
'johnBrown'@'localhost';
7. Changing the Password for a MySQL User :
To change the password for your own account, use the following
syntax:
SET PASSWORD = Password('newpassword');
SET PASSWORD FOR 'johnB'@'localhost' =
Password('newpassword');
PHPMYADMIN:
phpMyAdmin is a free software tool written in PHP intended to
handle the administration of MySQL over the World Wide Web.
phpMyAdmin supports a wide range of operations with MySQL. The
most frequently used operations are supported by the user interface
(managing databases, tables, fields, relations, indexes, users,
permissions,etc), while you still have the ability to directly execute any
SQL statement.
Features
Intuitive web interface
1.Support for most MySQL features:
a. browse and drop databases, tables, views, fields and indexes
b. create, copy, drop, rename and alter databases, tables, fields
and indexes
c. maintenance server, databases and tables, with proposals on
server configuration
d. execute, edit and bookmark any -statement, even batch-
queries
e. manage MySQL users and privileges
f. manage stored procedures and triggers
8. 2. Import data from and
3.Export data to various formats: , , , , / 26300 – OpenDocument
Text and Spreadsheet, , , LATEX and others
4.Administering multiple servers
5.Creating graphics of your database layout
6.Creating complex queries using Query-by-example (QBE)
7.Searching globally in a database or a subset of it
8.Transforming stored data into any format using a set of
predefined functions, like displaying BLOB-data as image or
download-link.
PROCEDURES:
Stored procedures are set of SQL commands that are stored in
the database data server. After the storing of the commands is done, the
tasks can be performed or executed continuously, without being
repeatedly sent to the server.
Executing Stored Procedures:
MySQL refers to stored procedure execution as calling, and so
the MySQL statement to execute a stored procedure is simply CALL.
CALL takes the name of the stored procedure and any parameters that
need to be passed to it. Take a look at this example:
• Input
CALL productpricing(@pricelow,
@pricehigh,
@priceaverage);
Analysis
Here a stored procedure named productpricing is
executed; it calculates and returns the lowest, highest, and
average product prices.
Stored procedures might or might not display results, as you
will see shortly.
9. Creating Stored Procedures:
Input
CREATE PROCEDURE productpricing()
BEGIN
SELECT Avg(prod_price) AS
priceaverage
FROM products;
END;
Analysis
The stored procedure is named productpricing and
is thus defined with the statement CREATE
PROCEDURE productpricing().This stored procedure has no
parameters, but the trailing () is still required. BEGIN and
END statements are used to delimit the stored procedure body,
and the body itself is just a simple SELECT statement.
Dropping Stored Procedures:
To remove the stored procedure we just created, use the
following statement:
Input
DROP PROCEDURE productpricing;
Analysis
This removes the just-created stored procedure. Notice that
the trailing () is not used; here just the stored procedure name
is specified.
