This presentation prepared by Mr. KVS Kartha on behalf of Parishath Padanakendram Kottarakkara for Science Classes Campaign in connection with the International Year of Chemistry. You can use and share this presentation as per the terms of CC BY.

1. ck-X{´hÀjw 2011
tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j¯v

4. ap-jy-i-co-c-¯nse
ck-X{´w
Ah-X-cWw X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv
]T--tI-{µw, sIm«m-c-¡-c.

5. ap-jy-i-cocw
Hcp k©-cn-¡p¶ BhÀ¯--]-«nI
½psS Npäp-]m-Sp-w ImWs¸-Sp¶
aqe-I-§Ä Xs¶-bmWv
½psS ico-c-¯nepw.

6. i-co-c-¯nse aqe-I-§Ä
3% 2% 2%
10%
18%
65%
HmIvknP³ ImÀ_¬ ssl{UP³
ss{SP³ ImÕyw aäpÅh

7. i-co-c-¯nse aqe-I-§Ä

8. aqe-I-§fpsS [À½w
FÃnpw
96.5 % hpw tkmUnbw
]Ãnpw
HmIvkn-P³ t¢mdn³
ImÕyw
ImÀ-_¬ ico-c-¯nse Pe-¯nsâ
t^mkv^-dkv
ssl{U-P³ Afhv Xpew sN¿m³
ss{S-P³ s]m«mkyw
Ccp¼v lrZ-b-kv]-µ--¯nsâ ssXtdm-bnUv
lotam-t¥m-_n³ nc¡v nb-{´n-¡p-¶-Xnv tlmÀtam¬
nÀ-½m-W-¯nv nÀ½m-W¯nv
-
Ab-Un³
CXnsems¡ D−m-Ip¶
]Ãnv
sNdnb Gä-¡p-d-¨n t]mepw ^vfqdn³
½psS Xmfw -sX-än¡pw.

9. k´p-en-Xm-hØ
• Ab-Unsâ Ipdhv þ ssXtdm-bn-Unsâ {]hÀ¯-
s¯ _m[n¡pw þ amµyX
• {]mb-amb-h-cn tkmUnbw Ipdhv þ ]n¨pw
t]bpw ]dbpw
cmk-]-ZmÀ°-§-fpsS
k´p-en-Xm-h-Ø-bmWv
mtam-cp-¯-cpw.

10. `£Ww
ImÀt_m-ssl-t{Uäv
`£Ww
t{]m«o³ sImgp¸v

11. • hmb apXÂ ae-Zzmcw
Zl-w hsc 5þ6 aoäÀ
of-¯n-epÅ
Øe¯mWv
Zl--{]-{InbbpsS
BZy L«-§Ä.
• AXy´w
AXn-i-bn-¸n¡p¶
{]hÀ¯--§-fmWv
Hmtcm nan-jhpw
ChnsS S-¡p¶Xv

12. hmb-bnÂ
• `£Ww Danocpw tNÀ¯v Nh-¨-c-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
• Hcp Znhkw H¶c enä-tdmfw Dan-oÀ.
• Dan-ocnse Assa-tekv F¶ F³sskw A¶-
Ps¯ amÄt«mkv F¶ ]©-km-c-bm¡n
amäp¶p.
• Bam-i-b-¯n-se¯n sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv A¾-hp-
ambn tNcp-¶-Xp-hsc Assa-tekv {]hÀ¯n-¨p-
sIm-−n-cn-¡pw.
• Dan-oÀ Xp¸n-¡-f-bm-p-Å-X-Ã.

13. s]cn-Ìm-fn-knkv

14. Bam-ibw
A[n-I-apÅ shÅw
`£-Wt¯mSv
Ie-cmsX hf-hnsâ
DÄh-i-¯p-IqSn
(Nn-{X-¯nÂ
CS-Xp-`m-Kw)
tsc sNdp-Ip-S-en-te¡v
IS-¡pw.

15. Bam-ib¯nÂ
• Bam-i-b-¯n [mcmfw hkvXp-¡Ä DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-
¡-s¸-Sp-¶p.
• Kmkv{Sn³, ayq¡kv F¶n-h-bvs¡m¸w Hcp Znhkw
1 þ 1.5 enäÀ sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv BknUpw.
• t{]m«o-p-Isf Zln-¸n-¡p¶ F³ssk-ap-Isf
Dt¯-Pn-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv sslt{Um-t¢m-dnIv
BknUnsâ tPmen.
• Bam-i-b-`n-¯n-IÄ I«n-bpÅ ayq¡kv (I-^w)
sIm−v s]mXn-ªn-«n-Ãmbn-cp¶p F¦n iàn-tb-
dnb BknUv Bam-i-b`n¯n-I-tfbpw Zln-¸n-¨p-I-
f-bpam-bn-cp-¶p þ s]]vänIv AÄkÀ.

16. {]hÀ¯--§Ä
• `£-Ws¯ Iq«n-¡-eÀ¯p-¶pþa-kn-ep-I-fpsS
]¦v.
• F³ssk-ap-I-fpsS klm-b-t¯msS t{]m«o³,
yq¢nIv Bkn-Uv, sImgp¸v Ch-bpsS Zlw
Bcw-`n-¡p-¶p.
• Bam-i-b-¯nÂn¶pw B¡-tlmÄ, shÅw,
ent¸m-^n-enIv Bkn-Uv, hnäm-an³ _nþ12
F¶nh BKn-cWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p.
• H¸w Nne _mIvSo-cn-b-Isf in-¸n-¡p-¶p.

17. _nþ12 sâ BKn-cWw
• hnäm-an³ _n-þ12 sâ BKn-c-W-¯nv klm-bn-
¡p-¶ Kmkv{Snsâ DÂ-]m-Z-w th−-{X-bnÃm-¯-
h-cn _n-þ12 sâ Ipd-hp-−mIpw.
• C¯-c-¡mÀ _n-þ12 sâ Ipd-hp- ]cn-l-cn-¡m³
yqtdm-_-tbm¬ t]mepÅ _n-þ12 Kpfn-I-IÄ
Ign-¨n«v Hcp Imcy-hp-an-Ã. Kmkv{Sn-n-ÃmsX
AXpw BKn-cWw sN¿m-m-In-Ã.
• Hcp hÀjw 300 tImSn cq]-bpsS Kpfn-I-IÄ
shdpsX aq{X-¯n-eqsS jvS-am-Ip-¶p.

18. hb-än Hcp Fcn¨nÂ
• Bam-i-b-¯nse HCL sâ PH c−v B-Wv.
• Akn-Un-än¡v Ign-¡p¶ sPeq-kn t]mepÅ
Aâm-kn-Up-IÄ, `£Ww Zln¨p Ignªv
_m¡n-bpÅ HCL s nÀÆo-cy-am-¡m-p-Å-Xm-
Wv.
• CXv `£Ww Ign-ªp-Ss Ign-¨mtem ?
• Aâm-kn-Up-IÄ `£-W-¯nv Ac-a-Wn-¡qÀ
apt¼m `£Ww Ignªv 2þ3 aWn-¡qÀ
Igntªm am{Xw.

19. `£-Whpw acp¶pw
• hb-än `£-W-ap-Å-t¸mÄ Bkn-Up-Ifpw
D−m-Ipw.
• Nne Bâo-_-tbm-«n-¡p-I-tfbpw (DZm: Bw]n-
kn-en³) Bkn-Up-IÄ in-¸n-¡pw.
• AXn-m `£Ww Ign-ªÃ, shdpw hb-än-
emWv Ah Ign-t¡-−-Xv.

20. Icfpw ]m³{Inbmkpw
• sImgp¸v shÅ-¯n ebn-¡n-Ã. IcÄ DÂ]m-Zn-
¸n-¡p¶ ss_ sImgp-¸ns shÅ-¯n Ie-
¡p¶ Hcp {]{Inb (Emulsification) am{XamWv
sN¿p-¶-Xv.
• t{]m«o-³, ImÀt_m-ssl-t{U-äv, sImgp¸v,
yq¢nIv BknUv Chsb Zln-¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ
]m³{In-bmkv DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ F³ssk-ap-
IÄ {][m ]¦p-h-ln-¡p¶p.
• ]m³{In-bmkv DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ tkmUnbw
ss_ImÀ_-tWäv Bkn-Up-Isf nÀho-cy-am-
¡p-¶p.

21. sNdp-Ip-SÂ
Icfpw ]m³{In-bmkpw nÀ½n-¡p¶
F³ssk-ap-IÄ sNdp-Ip-S-ensâ BZy-`m-K-amb
Untbm-Un--¯n-te-¡mWv F¯n-t¨-cp-¶Xv.

22. Ht«sd F³ssk-ap-IÄ
sNdp-Ip-S-en-te-bvs¡-¯p¶ F³ssk-ap-IÄ
– Amino-Peptidases
– Di-Peptidases
– Tri-Peptidases
– Sucrases
– Maltase
– Lactase
– Di- Saccharidases
– Tri- Saccharidases
– Lipase
– Nucleases

23. F³sskw ^mIvS-dn-IÄ
1. hmbn Salivary amylase
2. Bam-i-b-¯n Gastric acid
3. sNdp-Ip-S-en trypsin, chymotrypsin,
carboxypeptidase,
aminopeptidase
dipeptidase
Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic lipase

24. Zl--¯nsâ ck-X{´w
• `£Ww Zln-¸n-¡p-¶Xv ssls{Um-ssfkv
sNbvXmWv.
1. A¶-Ps¯ efn-X-amb ]©-km-c-I-fm-¡pw.
2. t{]m«o-p-Isf Aantm Bkn-Up-I-fm-¡pw.
3. sImgp-¸ns ^mänBkn-Up-w ¥nk-tdm-fp-am¡pw.
4. yq¢nIvBkn-Uns yq¢n-tbm-ssS-Up-I-fm¡pw.

25. F³ssk-ap-I-fpsS ]Wn

26. sNdp-Ip-S-enÂ
t{]m«o³,
ImÀt_m-ssl-t{U-äv,
^mddn Bkn-Uv,
hnäm-anpIÄ,
an-d-ep-IÄ
XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmw
sNdp-Ip-S-en h¨p Xs¶
BKn-cWw sN¿-s¸-Spw.

27. h³Ip-SÂ
• h³Ip-S-en Zlw S-¡p-¶n-sÃ-¦nepw Zln-
¡msX _m¡n-h-¶-hsb _mIvSo-cn-b-IÄ Zln-
¸n-¡p-¶p. hmX-I-§Ä D−m-Ip-¶p.
• h³Ip-S-en n¶pw hnäm-an³ _n, sI Ch-tbm-
sSm¸w IqSp-XÂ shÅ-t¯bpw cà-¯n-te¡v
BKn-cWw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p.
• shÅw o¡w sN¿-s¸« tijw Ah-in-jvS-
§Ä ]pdw-X-Åp-¶p.

28. Zl--]m-X-bnÂ
Hmtcm-bn-S-t¯bpw
PH Dw AhnsS
sNe-hn-Sp¶
ka-bhpw

29. DuÀtÖmÂ]m-Zw
• `£Ww Zln¨v cà-¯n IeÀ¶p Ign-
ªm cà-¯n sh¨pS-¡p¶ Nne {]{In-
b-Ifpw IqSn Bsb-¦nte DuÀtPm-Xv]m-Zw
]qÀ®-am-Iq.
• ¥qt¡m-kn n¶pw ATP X·m{X D−m-Ip¶
Hcp coXn.
• asäm¶v Ic-fnepw amwk-t]-in-I-fn-ep-sams¡
ss¥s¡m-Pn³ Bbn kq£n-¨p-h-¡p¶ coXn.

30. skÃp-emÀ Zlw
¥qt¡m-kns ATP X·m-{X-I-fmbn
amän Ign-bp-t¼mÄ
shÅhpw ImÀ_¬ssU-Hm-IvsskUpw
am{X-amWv _m¡n-bm-hp-I.

31. • cmk-{]-{In-b-I-fn-eqsS D−m¡n-sb-Sp¯
DuÀPw AUn-tm-kn³ ss{S t^mkvt^äv F¶
ATP X·m-{XIfmbn IcpXn h¡p-¶p.
• DuÀPw Bh-iy-ap-Å-t¸mÄ sslt{Um-fn-kn-
eqsS Cu X·m-{Xsb hnL-Sn-¸n-¨mWv ico-c-
¯nv Bh-iy-amb DuÀPw D−m¡p¶-Xv.

32. amen-y-nÀ½mÀPw
• IcÄ
• hr¡
• Xz¡v

33. [À½-§Ä
IcÄ
• t{]m«o³ kwtÇjWw
• ss¥t¡m-Pn³ kw`-cWw
• tlmÀt½m¬ nÀ½mWw
• sImf-kvt{SmÄ kwtÇjWw
• Zl-s¯ klm-bn-¡Â
• RBC in-¸n-¡Â
• hnj-a-b-h-kvXp-¡-fpsS
nÀ½mÀPw
• B¡-tlmÄ hnL-Sw

34. BtcmKyapÅ IcÄ

35. knsdmknkv _m[n¨t¸mÄ

36. B¡-tlm-fnsâ Afhv
• hntZ-i-aZyw þ 42.8%
• Nmcmbw þ 35%
• _nbÀ þ 4%
• ssh³ þ 6%
• IÅv þ 4%
• A-[n-IrX aZyw þ
ambw þ sa¯-tmÄ

37. DÅn-se-¯p¶ Nmcmbw
_nbÀ: 4% x 12 Hu¬kv = 0.48 Hu¬kv B¡-tlmÄ
ssh³: 12% x 4 Hu¬kv = 0.48 Hu¬kv B¡-tlmÄ
hnkvIn: 40% x 1.25 Hu¬kv = 0.50 Hu¬kv B¡-tlmÄ

38. kw`-hn-¡p-¶Xv
• B¡-tlmÄ Unssl-t{Um-Pn-ss-kn§v
F³ssk-ansâ (ADH) {]hÀ¯--^-e-ambn
F¯-tmÄ Ak-ämÂUn-ssl-Um-Ip-¶p.
• Ak-ämÂUn-ssl-Uv Unssl-t{Um-Pn-ss-kn§v
F³ssk-ansâ (ALDH) {]hÀ¯--^-e-ambn
Ak-ämÂUn-ssl-Uv Ak-tääm-Ip-¶p.
• ]s£ Gjy³hwi-P-cn 50% t]cnepw ALDH
{]hÀ¯--£-a-a-Ã.

39. A]-ISw
• lrZ-b-kv]-µ--¯nsâ nc¡v IqSp-I, aw ]nc-
«Â, OÀ±nÂ, A[n-I-amb ip²o-I-cWw F¶n-h-
h-bvs¡ms¡ ASn-ªp-Iq-Sp¶ Ak-ämÂUn-
sslUv tlXphm-Ip-¶p. CXv Ic-fnv tISp-h-cp-
¯p-¶p.
• aZy-]mw nÀ¯m³ ÂIp¶ ssUkÄ^ndmw
ALDH sâ {]hÀ¯-s¯ XS-bp-I-bmWv sN¿p-
¶-Xv. aZy-]mw nÀ¯m-pÅ B{K-lhpw
COm-i-ànbpw CÃm¯ BÄ¡v CXp ÂIp-
Ibpw ho−pw IpSn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶Xv IqSp-
XÂ A]-I-S-am-Wv.

40. hr¡-IÄ

41. [À½-§Ä
• cà-k-½À±w nb{´n-¡p-I.
• Ce-Ivt{Sm-sse-äp-Isf nb-{´n-¡p-I.
• Bkn-Uv-þ-s_bvkv Xpew ne-nÀ¯p-I.
• bqdn-b, Atam-Wnbw Ch-bpsS hnkÀPw.
• shÅw, ¥qt¡m-kv, Aantm BknUv Ch
ho−pw BKn-cWw sN¿Â.
• ImÂkn-t{SmÄ, sdn³, Fdn-t{Xm-t]m-bn-än³
F¶o tlmÀtam-Wp-I-fpsS nÀ½m-Ww.

42. s^vtdm-Wp-IÄ
Hcp hr¡-bn 13 e£w s^vtdm-Wp-IÄ.
BsI ofw 160 In-ao.

43. • hn{ia ka-b¯v Hcp ann-«n 1.2
enäÀ càw Acn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶p.
• Hcp Znhkw 1750 enäÀ
• CXn n¶pw ann-«n 125 anÃo
enäÀ shÅw Acn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶p.
aWn-¡q-dn 7.5 enäÀ, Znhkw 180
enäÀ þ tkmUn-bw, s]m«m-kyw,
t¢mdn³ þ th−Xv FSp-¡p-¶p.
• Hcp Znhkw Hcp enäÀ aq{Xw ]pdw-X-
Åp¶p.

44. Xz¡v

45. Hcp NXp-c{i sk:- aoädnÂ
• 100-þ600 tkzZ{KÙn-IÄ.
• Chbv¡v aWn-¡q-dn 3 enäÀ, Znhkw 24 enäÀ,
hnbÀ¸v D−m-¡m-m-Ipw. ¶mbn hnbÀ¯mÂ
500-þ600 an: enäÀ shÅw ]pd-¯p-t]mIpw.
• 100-þ900 kvtl {KÙn-IÄ.
• ¥nk-ssd-Up-IÄ, ^män Bkn-Up-I-Ä, hmIvkv
FÌ-dp-IÄ, sImf-kvt{SmÄ F¶nh AS-§nb
sImgp¸v ico-c-¯nv BIm-chpw `wKnbpw
ÂIp-¶p.
• sXmen hc−v DW§n t]mIm-Xn-cn-¡m³.

46. [À½-§Ä
• kv]Ài-w, NqSv, XWp-¸v, aÀ±w, thZ F¶nh
Ap-`-h-th-Zy-am-¡m³.
• sImgp-¸n-tâbpw shÅ-¯n-tâbpw kw`-c-W-
tI{µw
• hnäm-an³ Un bpsS kwtÇ-j-Ww þ shbnÂ
sImÅWw þ saem-n³ bp hn civan-I-fnÂ
n¶pÅ kwc-£-W-¯nv þ {]Xn-tcm-[-ti-jn.
• ico-tcm-jvam-hnsâ {Iao-IcWw
• ameny hnkÀPw

47. izkw

48. izkmfn
(apIÄ`mKw)
[À½-§Ä
izmktIm-i-¯n-te-¡pÅ hgn.
aWw Xncn¨dn-bm-pÅ kwhn-[mw.
s]mSn-]-S-e-an-ÃmsX hmbp-hns Acn-s¨-Sp-¡p-¶p.
hmbp-hns Pemw-i-hpw NqSpap-ÅXm¡p-¶p.
i_vZ-¯n-pÅ kv]µ Ad-IÄ.

49. izkmfn
(Iogv`mKw)
[À½-§Ä
Larynx: `£-Whpw hmbphpw AXm-Xnsâ hgn-I-fn-
eqsS IS-¶p-t]m-Im³ klm-bn-¡p-¶p. i_vZw
D−m¡p¶-Xnv klm-bn-¡p-¶p.
Trachea: izmk-tIm-i-¯n--I-t¯-¡pw ]pd-t¯-¡p-
apÅ hmbp k©m-c-¯nv
Bronchi: c−mbn ]ncn-bp-¶p.
Lungs: hmbp BÂhn-tbm-fp-I-fn-te-¡v.

50. BÂhn-tbmÄ
70 Zi-e£w
BÂhn-tbm-fp-IÄ
70 NXp-c{i aoäÀ
hnkvXo˨w
•Hcp ann-«n 6 enäÀ HmIvkn-P³.
•izmk-tImi tcmK-§Ä IqSp-¶p. ImcWw izkn-
¡m³ Ã hmbphnÃ. Figure 10.8A

51. Ã hmbp
• hmbp-hn 21% HmIvkn-P³. 5% D]-tbm-Kn¡pw.
]pd-t¯¡v hnSp¶ hmbp-hn 16% HmIvkn-P³.
• ]cn-k-cs¯ hmbp aWn-¡q-dn 3 {]mhiyw
F¦nepw amd-Ww, 6 {]mhiy¯n IqS-cp-Xv.
• Xd -hn-kvXoÀ®-¯nsâ 25% hmXnÂ+P¶Â -
hn-kvXoÀ®w. shân-te-äÀ+Xmg¯pIqsS hmbp
IS-¡m-pÅ kwhn-[m-w.
• knna Xotb-äÀ, kvIqÄ þ Dbcw IqSp-XÂ
thWw

52. BÀ_n-knbpw lotam-t¥m-_npw

53. HmIvkn-P³ hml-IÀ

54. Xe-t¨mdv

55. nb-{´W Øm-§Ä

56. ck-X-{´-abw
• Xe-t¨m-dn-p-Ån Hcp sk¡³Un Hcp
e£w cmk-{]-hÀ¯--§Ä.
• mUn-I-fn-eqsS ktµ-i-§Ä IS-¶p-t]m-Ip-
¶Xpw tkmUnbw, s]m«mkyw Ch-bpsS
{]hÀ¯--¯m-em-Wv.
• cmk-]-ZmÀ°-§-fmWv ½psS kz`mhw nÀ®-
bn-¡p-¶Xv þ tZjyw, k¦-Sw, kwXr-]vXn,
kt´m-jw, Nn´, ssewKn-IX ............

57. mUokÔn-I-fnse
ck-X{´ ktµ-i-hm-l-IÀ
• Acetylcholine (ACh) þ GtIm-]w
• Dopamine (DA) þ kwXr]vXn
• Serotonin (SER) þ kt´mjw
• Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)
• Endorphins (END) þ hyàn_Ô-§Ä
• Glutamate (GLU)

58. ktµ-i-hm-l-I-cpsS [À½-§Ä
IqSn-bm Ipd-ªmÂ
tZjyw hnjmZw
cmk-]-ZmÀ°-§-fpsS
Gä-¡p-d-¨n-emWv
½psS kz`m-hs¯
nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-Xv.
Ipd-ªmÂ
Akw-Xr]vXn

59. Ap-`-h-§Ä {][mw
• Nn´-Ifpw Ap-`-h-§fpw Cu cmk-]-ZmÀ°-§-
fpsS nÀ½mW-s¯ kzm[on¡pw. (]ncn-ap-dp-
¡-apÅ Pohn-X-km-l-Ncyw tmtd-]n-n-^-dnsâ
DXv]m-Zw Iq«pw)
• Ap-`-h-§-sfÃmw dn¡mÀUv sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p.
• à Ap-`-h-§Ä à hyànsb krjvSn
¡p¶p.

60. Blm-chpw Xe-t¨mdpw
kntdm-t«m¬, tUm]an³ Ch-bpsS nÀ½m-W-¯nv
Ah-iy-amb {Sn]vä-^m³ DÅ Blmcw
hnjm-Zs¯ CÃm-Xm-¡pw.

61. ^mÌv ^pUv
kntdm-t«m¬, tUm]-an³
nÀ½m-Ws¯ klm-bn-¡p-¶n-Ã.

62. kvtl-¯nsâ ck-X{´w
• tamlw þ Lust • Estrogen, Testosterone
• aXn-{`aw þ Infatuation • Phenyl Ethyl Amine (PEA)
Dopamine, Norepinephrine
• sshIm-cnI kvtlw • Oxytoxin– cuddling
emotional attachments chemical
• Vasopressin –monogamy
chemical
• KmV -ku-lr-Z-_Ôw
Intimate relationships • Endorphin

63. ½fpw cmkn-I-§fpw
• ½sf ASn-apSn kzm[o-n-¡p¶ Ht«sd cmk-]-
ZmÀ°-§sf ½Ä ]cn-N-b-s¸-«p.
• Cu cmk-]-ZmÀ°-§Ä D−m-Ip-¶-Xn ½psS
`£-Ww, Nn´, Ap-`-h-§Ä, ImgvN-¸m-Sp-IÄ
FÃmw henb ]¦p-h-ln-¡p-¶p-−v.
• cmk-]-ZmÀ°-§Ä ½psS kz`m-hs¯ kzm[o-
n-¡p-t¼mÄ ½psS `£-Whpw Nn´bpw
Ap-`-h-§fpw ImgvN-¸m-Sp-Ifpw cmk-]-ZmÀ°-
§fpsS nÀ½m-W-s¯bpw kzm[o-n-¡p-¶p.

64. AXn-mÂ
à `£-Ww
à Nn´
à Ap-`-h-§Ä
Hs¡bpÅ Hcp kaqlw
D−m-tI-−-Xp-−v.