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1. Language, Religion, and
Ideology;
Sociological and Historical Relationship

2. Language

3. Language
A system of arbitrary,
productive, dynamic, having
variation, and humans vocal
symbol used by human being to
carry out their social affairs.

4. Salient Features of Language
Salient Features of Lanuage
 1. System
It is formed by a number of component and can be
formulated.
Pattern:
Morpheme –smallest unit
Words –combination of letters.
Phrase –modifier + head
Sentence
Paragraph
Composition

5. 2. Vocal
We can pronounce the symbol. Each symbol
represents a thing.
Production of Sound and Words
Respiration –involves inhalation and
exhalation
phonation –vibration of the vocal chords
Resonation –amplification
Articulation –movements and formation of
speech organs.

6. 3. Arbitrary
A word for a certain thing differs from one place to
another.
What makes language arbitrary?
Biblical Reason
Language Borrowing –changes spelling,
pronunciation and semantics
4. Productive
Number of words always increase.

7. 5. Dynamics
The language can change in the
form of phonology, morphology, or
syntax.
Ex.
Know ye this man?.
Do you know this man?

8. 5. Having Variation
Although a language has a certain pattern, it
may be different in phonology, morphology,
syntax, or lexicon.
6. Human (Adj.)
Language as a means or verbal
communication is only possessed by human
being, animal s and plants do not.

9. Functions of Language
It has personal or emotive function.
It has directive or instrumental function.
It has phatics, interactional, or
interpersonal function.
It functions referential, representational,
cognitive, denotative, or informative.
It functions methalingual or methalinguistics.
It has imaginative or phoetics speech function.

10. Nature of Communication
 Communication is a process by which information is exchange
between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs,
or behavior.
 three components in communication process:
1) message sender and receiver or participants,
2) information being communicated, and
3) instruments used in communication.
Communication is distinguished into two kinds: verbal and non-verbal
Non-verbal communication does not use language as the
means of communication. It uses signs (traffic signs, pictures,
sounds), gestures.
Verbal communication language is deliver orally.

11. The Process of Communication
Using Language
Language Communication = Sender + Receiver
Message –is utterance (usually in the form of
sentences) used to convey idea, thought, suggestion
Semantics Encoding –the process that the sender
formulates something he/she wants to utter in the form
of idea or thought frame.
Grammatical Encoding –the process in which the idea
is changed into grammatical sentences .

12. Phonological Encoding –process of uttering
the formulated grammatical sentence.
Decoding –the utterance is then comprehended
or decoded by the receiver or listener.
Phonological Decoding –the listener receives
or comprehends the sound
Grammatical Decoding –the listener receives
or comprehends the grammatical sentences.
Semantics Decoding –the listener receives or
comprehends the meaning of the message.

13. Two Kind of Language-communication
One-way Communication
means process, the speaker or sender remains as the
sender and the listener or receiver remains as the
receiver.
Two-ways Communication
means the position of sender and receiver is
interchangeable.

14. Religion

15. Sociology of Religion
Is the study of the beliefs practices and organizational
forms of religion using the tools and methods of the
discipline of sociology.
Is distinguished from the philosophy of religion in that it
does not set out to assess the validity of religious beliefs.
Objective investigation uses :
quantitative methods (surveys, polls, demographic
and census analysis)
qualitative approaches such as participant
observation, interviewing, and analysis of
archival, historical and documentary materials.

16. Methodological Atheism
of Peter L. Berger
The sociology of religion broadly differs
from theology in assuming indifference
to the supernatural, theorists tend to
acknowledge socio-cultural
reification of religious practice.

17. View of Religion in Classical
Karl Marx
Sociology
"Marx was the product of the Enlightenment, embracing
its call to replace faith by reason and religion by
science.”
Religion, Marx held, was a significant hindrance to
reason, inherently masking the truth and misguiding
followers.
Marx viewed social alienation as the heart of social
inequality. The antithesis to this alienation is freedom.
Thus, to propagate freedom means to present
individuals with the truth and give them a choice to
accept or deny it. In this, "Marx never suggested that
religion ought to be prohibited."

18. Emile Durkheim
Study society as dispassionate and scientific.
He argued that religion was an expression of social
cohesion.
Religion, for Durkheim, is not "imaginary," although he does
deprive it of what many believers find essential. Religion is
very real; it is an expression of society itself, and indeed, there
is no society that does not have religion. We perceive as
individuals a force greater than ourselves, which is our social
life, and give that perception a supernatural face. We then
express ourselves religiously in groups, which for Durkheim
makes the symbolic power greater. Religion is an expression
of our collective consciousness, which is the fusion of all of
our individual consciousness's, which then creates a reality of
its own.

19. Max Weber
Verstehen , a German term, used to describe his
method of interpretation of the intention and context of
human action.
A religious group or individual is influenced by all kinds
of things, he says, but if they claim to be acting in the
name of religion, we should attempt to understand their
perspective on religious grounds first. Weber gives
religion credit for shaping a person's image of the world,
and this image of the world can affect their view of their
interests, and ultimately how they decide to take action.

20. Ideology

21. Ideology
Is a coherent system of ideas that constitutes
one's goals, expectations, and actions.
The doctrine, philosophy, body of beliefs or
principles belonging to an individual or
group.

22. A set of ideas that constitute one's goals,
expectations, and actions. An ideology can be
thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of
looking at things, as in several philosophical
tendencies, or a set of ideas proposed by the
dominant class of a society to all members of this
society. The main purpose behind an ideology is to
offer either change in society, or adherence to a set
of ideals where conformity already exists, through
a normative thought process. Ideologies are systems
of abstract thought applied to public matters and
thus make this concept central to politics.

23. Ideology can be used either to initiate change in
society or to encourage continued adherence to a
set of ideals in a situation where
conformity already exists.
According to Karl Marx, ideology is an
instrument for social reproduction, as those who
control the means of production (the ruling class)
are able to establish the dominant ideology
within a society.

24. Louis Althusser
proposed a materialistic conception of
ideology using the concept of Ideological
State Apparatus.
Ideological State Apparatuses
are institutions, such as the family, media,
religious organizations, education system,
etc., that together comprise ideological
practice, the sphere which has the defining
property of constituting indas subjeviduals
cts.

25. Many political parties base their
political action and program on an
ideology.
Political ideology consists of two
dimensions:
goals
methods

26. Communist Ideology
Communism, as symbolized by this sickle
and hammer, is an ideological system that
socializes its believers into a particular
system of thought.

27. Marxist account of Ideology
It serves as an instrument of social reproduction.
Base denotes the relations of production, and
superstructure denotes the dominant ideology
(religious, legal, political systems). The economic
base of production determines the political
superstructure of a society. Ruling class-interests
determine the superstructure and the nature of
the justifying ideology—actions feasible because
the ruling class control the means of production.

28. Materialistic Conception
of Louis Althusser
Beliefs and ideas are the products of
social practices, not the reverse. What is
ultimately important for Althusser are not
the subjective beliefs held in the minds of
human individuals, but rather the material
institutions, rituals, and discourses that
produce these beliefs.

29. Political Ideology
Is a certain ethical set of ideals, principles,
doctrines, myths, or symbols of a social
movement, institution class, or large group that
explains how society should work and offers some
political and cultural blueprint for a certain social
order.
Concerns itself with how to allocate power and to
what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a
certain ideology very closely, while others may
take broad inspiration from a group of related
ideologies without specifically embracing any one
of them.