Definition of literature - “pieces of writing that are valued as works of art, especially novels, plays and poems”. (Oxford Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary).

4. “ that are valued as
, especially , and ”. (Oxford
Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary).

5. “the produced in a
, , or , or the on a
(scientific,art, etc.)”(Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary
and Thesaurus).

6. of that is
,, or for a
such as , or to the
reader, which can be

7. Literature isdefined as the
, which of a
or

8. Literatureis .It is ,
but (Jones).

9. It
. Thereader with a character and his
story allowing himto ,
and (Reed).

10. The isto

11. It with itself.

12. It isthe to

13. This is thepart of the practice of whether
and can make the
whilereachingthe

14. Literature offers this practice in and

16. • Plot
• Character
• Setting
• Theme
• Point ofview

17. PlotCharacter~Setting~Theme~Pointofview
Plot is the organized pattern or sequence of events
that make up a story.

18. Plot Diagram
2
1
3
4
5

19. Plot
Exposition
Climax
Resolution

20. 1. Exposition
This usually occurs at the beginning of a short story.

21. Exposition: The beginning of the story, introducing characters,
setting and main conflict.
As a child, Cinderella was happy. After her
mother died, her father re-married a mean
woman with two daughters. The step-
mother gave her daughters everything and
Cinderella nothing.

22. 2. RisingAction
This part of the story begins to develop the conflict(s).

23. Rising Action: The conflict develops and suspense
builds.
A messenger delivers an invitation to the
ball. The step-mother tells Cinderella she
can go if she finishes her chores. The Fairy
Godmother gives Cinderella a dress and
coach. Cinderella arrives at the ball and
dances with the Prince. On the way out she
drops her shoe.

24. 3. Climax
This is the turning point of the story.

25. The climax is the most exciting part!!

26. Climax: The most exciting point in the story.
The Prince finds Cinderella and
puts the glass slipper on her foot.
It fits!

27. 4. Falling Action
All loose ends of the plot
are tied up.

28. 5. Resolution
The story comes to a
reasonable ending.

29. Resolution: The story concludes and loose ends are tied
up.
Cinderella and the Prince get
married.

30. Putting It AllTogether
1. Exposition
2. Rising Action
3. Climax
4. Falling Action
5. Resolution
Beginningof Story
Middleof Story
Endof Story

31. SpecialTechniquesof Plot…
Suspense
Flashback
Surprise Ending
Foreshadowing

32. Conflict
Conflict is the “battle”
between two forces.

33. Conflict is the struggle between two forces in a story.
Without conflict, there is no plot.

34. Types ofConflict
Character vs Nature
Character vs Society
Character vs Self
Character vs Character

35. Types Of Conflict…adeeper look
1.Character vs. Character
(problem with another character)
3. Character vs. Society
(problem with the laws or beliefs of a group)
(character vs. community, society or culture)
2. Character vs. Nature
(problem with force of nature)
4. Character vs. Self
(problem with deciding what to
do or think; “inner conflict”)

36. Plot:Character vs. Character Conflict
This type of conflict finds the main character in conflict with another
character, human or not human.
“The new one is the most beautiful of all; he is so young
and pretty.” And the old swans bowed their heads before
him.
Then he felt quite ashamed, and hid his head under his
wing; for he did not know what to do, he was so happy,
and yet not at all proud. He had been persecuted and
despised for his ugliness, and now he heard them say he
was the most beautiful of all the birds.
The Ugly Duckling by Hans Christian Anderson

37. Plot:Character vs. Nature Conflict
This type of conflict finds the main character in conflict with the forces of
nature, which serve as the antagonist.
It´s a Truffula Seed.
It´s the last one of all!
You´re in charge of the last of the Truffula Seeds.
And Truffula Trees are what everyone needs.
Plant a new Truffula. Treat it with care.
Give it clean water. And feed it fresh air.
Grow a forest. Protect it from axes that hack.
Then the Lorax
and all of his friends
may come back.
The Lorax by Dr. Seuss

38. Plot:Character vs. Society Conflict
This type of conflict has the main character in conflict with a larger
group: a community, society, culture, etc.
“I’m tired of living in a hole,” said Jenny.
“Let’s fight for freedom!” cried Bouncer.
“We’ll be soldiers! Rough-riding Rowdies!
I’ll be the general and commander-in-
chief!”
The Island of the Skog by Steven Kellogg

39. Plot:Character vs. Self Conflict
In this type of conflict, the main character experiences some kind of inner
conflict.
Finally, Sam’s father said, “Go to bed
now. But before you go to sleep, Sam,
tell yourself the difference between
REAL and MOONSHINE.”
Sam, Bangs & Moonshine by Evaline
Ness

40. Conflict: A struggle between opposing characters or
forces.
Example: Manvs. Man(Cinderella vs. step-mother and step-
sisters).

41. Mood
Characters’ feelings
Reader’s feelings – howthe book
makes you feel

42. People Animals Or Creatures
Plot~Character~Setting~Theme~Pointofview
Every story needs Characters

43. A character is the “who” in the story.
Plot~Character~Setting~Theme~Pointofview

44. CharacterTraits
When you read a story watch the
characters as if they were real
people.
Adventurous Greedy
Unhappy
loving
Aggressive fearful

45. Lets Practice…
Friends Stick together
Snoopy is a good friend to the birds. One summer
day, Lucy invited Snoopy to come over and swim in her
pool. Snoopy invited his bird friends to come too. Lucy
was not happy.
“This is ridiculous!” she cried.
But the birds had already put on their snorkel masks.
Everybody stayed nice and cool.
Which word best describes Lucy?
a. Bored
b. Gentle
c. Quiet
d. Angry
Which word best describes Snoopy?
a. Selfish
b. Friendly
c. Lazy
d. Scared

46. Characterization: A person or an animal in a story, a play or
other literary work.
Cinderella: loving, kind, works hard, pretty,
innocent, hero, cheerful, smart, happy.
Step-mother & step-sisters: jealous, mean,
ugly, self-absorbed, villain, lazy, nasty.

47. there are some terms of characterization that are important to consider:
1. Protagonist
2. Antagonist
3. Round/Complex character
4. Flat/Simple character
5. Dynamic character
6. Static character

48. The protagonist is the “good guy”

49. The antagonist is the “bad guy” or force

50. The setting of a story is the place where the story
happens and the time when it happens.
Plot~Character~Setting~Theme~Pointofview

51. Setting

52. The Setting Supportsthe Plot
• Which of the pictures below shows a setting that would make
sense in a story of a dog sled race?

53. Whenyour focus issetting, lookfor words that tell
about:
• Time of day, day of the week, month, or season(today, 3:00,
Sunday, April, Fall)
• Specific dates or historical details (July 4, 1776)
• Place names, such as city, state, or country(Cambridge,
Maryland, America)
• Physical surroundings, such as weather, buildings, and
landscape (rainy, castle, fields)

54. Use Picture Clues to Identify Setting
Winter
Night
Snowy
Frozen Lake
Cold
Woods
House
Outside
Farm Smell of Hay
Barn Animal Sounds
Day Dirt
Grass Outside
Spaceship
Day
Shadow
Engine Noise
Town/City
Fields
Clouds
Hovering
Red Light
What words
describe the
settings?

55. Setting: The time and place of the story.
long ago, the palace, the ball, a
far away kingdom, the home of
Cinderella's step-mother.

56. the central idea and/or universal truth that
is the main focus of the story.
Plot~Character~Setting~Theme~Pointofview

57. THEME
• Theme is NOT the moral of the story
• Theme is NOT plot
• Theme may contain a message

58. 1) Red Riding Hood is about how you shouldn’t trust strangers
2) Stars Wars is a movie about Luke Skywalker
3) Apocalypse Now is about the insanity of war.
4) This painting is about loneliness
5) That story is about two guys who steal a car
6) Romeo and Juliet is about love
7) Romeo and Juliet is about two families fighting
8) I saw a movie last night about survival
9) Hansel and Gretel is about two children
10) Cinderella is about poetic justice

59. THEME IN MUSIC
“Hot N Cold” – Katy Perry
Cause you’re hot then you’re cold, you’re yes
then you’re no. You’re in then you’re out, you’re
up and you’re down. You’re wrong when it’s right,
you’re black when it’s white. We fight, we break
up. We kiss, we make up.
THEME:

60. THEME IN MUSIC
“Hot N Cold” – Katy Perry
Cause you’re hot then you’re cold, you’re yes
then you’re no. You’re in then you’re out, you’re
up and you’re down. You’re wrong when it’s right,
you’re black when it’s white. We fight, we break
up. We kiss, we make up.
THEME: Roller-coaster relationships and
indecisive partners are frustrating.

61. THEME IN MUSIC
“Miss Independent” – Neyo
She got her own thing, that’s why I love her
Miss Independent, oooh the way we shine
Miss Independent
Oh there’s somethin’ about
kinda woman that can do for herself
I look at her and it makes me proud
There’s somethin’ about her
THEME:

62. THEME IN MUSIC
“Miss Independent” – Neyo
She got her own thing, that’s why I love her
Miss Independent, oooh the way we shine
Miss Independent
Oh there’s somethin’ about
kinda woman that can do for herself
I look at her and it makes me proud
There’s somethin’ about her
THEME: Independent women deserve love and
respect.

63. the perspective from which the
reader will view the events in a story.
Plot~Character~Setting~Theme~Pointof view

64. main points ofview:
• Omniscient Point of View
• Third-Person Limited Point of View
• First Person Point of View

65. Omniscient Point of View
the narrator plays no part in the story but can tell us
what all the characters are thinking and feeling as
well as what is happening in other places.

66. Omniscient Point of View
• Just outside the auditorium entrance, students milled about nervously
and waited to be called in for the audition. A few had paired off to
practice their lines together, but most stood or sat alone engaged in
their own calming rituals. Ruth stood in the corner and talked to the wall
in a low voice. She would be graduating this year, and she desperately
wanted to be Juliet. She was trying to get just the right tone of voice for
the balcony scene. Gary, dressed in all black, paced back and forth in
front of the mirror- lined wall and periodically glanced at his reflection
and smoothed his dark hair. He was auditioning for Mercutio, but he was
worried that Mr. Glover would think he was too much of a “comedic”
actor to give him a more serious role. Janis sat with her back against the
row of lockers, her knees tucked up close to her body, and stared at the
floor as she recited the lines in her head. She didn’t really care what
part she got as long as she had a speaking role. She had been an extra
in the last two productions and was ready for more responsibility.

67. Third-Person-Limited Point of View
the narrator plays no part in the story but
zooms in on the thoughts and feelings of one
character.

68. Third-Person-LimitedPoint of View
• Gary paced back and forth in front of the mirror-lined wall. He
glanced toward Ruth and smiled. She looked so odd standing in
the corner talking to the wall. He admired the way she could
totally immerse herself in a character and ignore the outside
world. He was too aware of what other people thought of him. He
sometimes played the clown, but only when he knew that he
could get a laugh. Mr. Glover said he tried too hard to entertain
people. Maybe that was why Mr. Glover always cast him in a
comic role.
• This time, though, he wanted a chance to try his hand at more
serious acting. Mercutio’s character seemed the perfect role for
him—sometimes foolish and other times brooding and angry.

69. First-Person Point of View
the narrator is a character in the story and
tells the story using the first-person
pronoun .

70. First-Person Point of View
• I stared at the wall and tried to remember what it felt like to be
fourteen and have a major crush on a guy. I’ve never felt love as
intensely as Juliet. Personally, I always thought that Juliet’s character
was a bit too impulsive and immature. But, who was I to quibble with
Shakespeare? I was willing to set aside my personal opinions for a
chance to play one of the most famous female characters in drama.
What better way to end my high school drama career than to play the
role of Juliet.
• Before I could get the role, though, I would have to impress Mr.
Glover. I closed my eyes and pictured myself standing on the
balcony as Juliet: My heart is heavy because my love is my sworn
enemy, and I’ll probably never get the chance to see him again. My
voice is sad and full of longing. “O, Romeo…”

71. Match these terms with the correct definition.
_________________— The narrator is a character in the story and
tells what he or she experiences.
_________________— The narrator is an observer and knows
everything about all the characters.
_________________— The narrator is an observer and describes
the thoughts and feelings of just one
character.
Omniscient Third-person limited First person
Third-person limited
First person
Omniscient