Innovative approaches in community-based adaptation to climate change

1. Welcome 1

2. Climate change v/s Climate
variability
‘Climate variability’-
attributable to natural causes.
2
Source : UNFCC
‘Climate Change’-
attributable to human
activities altering the
atmospheric composition

3. Climate
Change
Biosphe
re
Integrit
y
Land
System
Change
Freshwat
er
Use
Biogeochemical
Flow
Ocean
Acidification
Atmosphere
Aerosol
Loading
Stratospheric
O3 Depletion
Novel Entities
Planetary boundaries
Beyond Zone of Uncertainty (High
Risk)
In Zone of Uncertainty (Increasing
Risk)
Below Boundary
(Safe)
Safe Operating Space For
Humanity
Regulate Stability Of Earth
System.
Steffen
(Steffen et al., 2015; Science)3

4. HuMan
inFluenCe
on
CliMate
systeM
is
Clear
Increase in Anthropogenic Emission of
Greenhouse Gases
(IPCC, 2013)
4

5. Increasing Trends of CO2
Current level of CO2 is higher than last 650,000 years
From Preindustrial era increased by 40%
Vostok Ice Core Data; NOAA
Currently increased by 2.1 ppm/year
5

6. Flood in Orissa (India)
Climate Change models predict that wet parts of the world will become wetter.
These areas will receive more rainfall causing havoc.
6
Impacts of Climate Change in
India

7. Flood in Orissa (India)
Climate change triggered repeated floods will cause disease outbreaks.
Cholera like diseases will claim more lives especially among the poor.
7

8. Drought in Rajasthan (India) in 2012
The frequency of droughts in this traditionally rain deficit part of India
will be increasing due to Climate Change.
8

9. Drought in Rajasthan (India) in 2012
The total “drought disaster affected” area is predicted to increase from
currently 15.4 % percent of global cropland to 44 ±6 % by 2100 based on
a modified Palmer Drought Severity Index.
http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rajasthan-farmers -look -to -migrate-as-India
-faces-drought/277850-3-239.html
9

10. Cyclone Phailin in Orissa (India) 2013
Damages , because of climate change induced disastrous events ,to
infrastructure systems like seaports will lead to a breakdown or substantial
disruption in facilities resulting in impacts far beyond the particular location.
10

11. Indian response to Climate
Change
11
1.National Solar Mission
2.National Mission for enhanced Energy Efficiency
3.National Mission on Sustainable habitat 4.National
Water Mission
5.National Mission for Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem
6.National Mission for Green India
7.National Mission for Sustainable agriculture
8.National Mission on Strategic knowledge for Climate
Change
National Action Plan on Climate Change has 8 missions

12. •Adaptation was not a major part of the
debate when climate change came onto the
international policy agenda at the UN General
Assembly in 1988.
•Initial approaches generally focused on
mitigation through reducing greenhouse gas
emissions at source or increasing the
sequestration of carbon through managing
reforestation and land use
12

13. What is the issue ?
13

14. Innovative approaches in community-
based adaptation to climate change
Krishna D K
Agricultural Extension
10753
CREDIT SEMINARCREDIT SEMINAR
Seminar leaders
Dr. Arti Bhatia
Dr. Sunita Yadav
Centre for Environment Science and climate Resilient Agriculture
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
New Delhi – 110 012

15. 15
FAO work on climate change adaptation

16. Incorporating climate change
information
• Scientific information (e.g. long-term predictions from
climate change models, seasonal forecasts, information
on trends based on data collected at nearby weather
stations
• Local knowledge about trends and changes experienced
by communities at a local level and strategies these
communities have used in the past to cope with similar
shocks or gradual climatic changes.
16

17. Why look at local
innovation?
17

18. What is Community-based
adaptation ?
• Community-led process
• Based on communities’ priorities, needs, knowledge, and
capacities
• Empower people to plan for and cope with the impacts of
climate change.
• Community-based adaptation generates adaptation
strategies through participatory processes, involving local
stakeholders and development and disaster risk–reduction
practitioners.
• It builds on existing cultural norms and addresses local
development concerns that make people vulnerable to the
impacts of climate change in the first place.
18

19. PARTICIPTORY CLIMATE CHANGE
ADAPTATION
19

20. PARTICIPATORY
TOOL/APPROACH
USES
Mental models • Drivers and effects of climate change
Seasonal calendars
• Seasonality and links with livelihoods
• Can be combined with timelines to show perceived
changes in seasonality over time
Timelines
• Hazards and events
• Trends in climate, e.g. temperature and rainfall
Community
mapping and
modelling
• Resources
• Types and causes of risks and threats
• Extent of vulnerable areas
• Vulnerable households and individuals
• Planning DRR/CC adaptation measures
20

21. Transect walks
Vulnerability/risks
Land use
Resources
Ranking
Vulnerabilities and hazards
Coping and DRR strategies, e.g. water management
options, crop varieties
Dream maps and drawings Vision of community or farm and how to achieve
Theatre, poems, songs
Awareness raising of risks and risk reduction
measures
Advocacy
Participatory video
Awareness raising
Farmer to farmer communication
Advocacy
Stakeholder analysis Institutions, relationships, power
(Key informant discussions
e.g. storian)
In-depth discussion of vulnerability, livelihood
sources 21

22. 22
Type of
participation
Characteristics
Passive participation
People participate by being told what is going to happen or has
already happened.
It is a unilateral announcement by an administration
Participation in
information giving
People participate by answering questions posed by extractive
researchers
People not have the opportunity to influence proceedings
Participation by
consultation
People participate by being consulted, and external people listen
to views.
Such a consultative process does not concede any share in decision-
making
Participation for
material incentives
People participate by providing resources, for example labour, in
return for food, cash, or other material incentives.

23. 23
Functional
participation
• People participate by forming groups to meet
predetermined objectives related to the project,
which can involve the development or promotion of
externally initiated social organisation.
Interactive
participation
 People participate in joint analysis, which leads to
action plans and the formation of new local
institutions or the strengthening of existing ones.
Self-mobilisation
 People participate by taking initiatives
independent of external institutions to change
systems.

24. Good practices in CBA
24

25. 25

26. Various approaches in community
based adaptation in climate
change
1. Gender inclusive approach
2. Social assisted approach
3. Research assisted approach
4. Self innovative approach
5. Private assisted approach
26

27. 27
Regional case studies
Africa
- Farmer field schools in Mozambique
- Community adaptation action planning in Niger
- Participatory scenario planning in Kenya
- CBA and resilience building in Ethiopia
Asia and the Pacific
- Protecting coastal livelihoods in Thailand
- CBA and disaster risk reduction in Bangladesh
- From slave to community leader in Nepal
-A methodology for CBA planning in Vietnam
Latin America and the Caribbean
- Protecting high mountain wetlands in Ecuador
- Sustainable livestock production in Cuba
- Using traditional knowledge in Nicaragua
- Preparing for glacial lake outbursts in Peru

28. 28
Case Studies

29. 1. Pastoralists’ adaptation to
climate variability in
Ethiopia
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Pastoralists’ livelihoods primarily based on livestock
that graze natural pasture.
Globally, it is assumed that up to 200 million people
are pastoralists.
In Africa, it is assumed to be up to 40 million people
In Ethiopia, up to 15 million and using more than
60% of the territory.
Mobility is one of the most successful strategies
used by most pastoralists.

30. Determinants of pastoralists’
vulnerability to climate change
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Change in responsibility for herd management Herd size
Livestock species kept
Strength of customary socio-political institutions
Geographical location of resource exploitation Land-use
systems
Particular emphasis by pastoralists on the degree of good
governance in customary institutions

31. Vision
A world in which women and men farmers play decisive
roles in research and development for sustainable livelihoods
Mission
To foster a culture of mutual learning and synergy in local
innovation process in agriculture and NRM
Goal
To develop and institutionalise partnerships and methods that
promote processes of local innovation for ecologically sound use of
natural resources

32. Approach and concepts in study on
local innovation and climate change
• PROLINNOVA initiated an exploratory study with funds
made available by the Netherlands (DGIS).
• In 2008, some PROLINNOVA partners in Ethiopia, Nepal and
Niger started studies on local innovation in the face of
climate change.
• This paper is based on results in Ethiopia from semi-
structured interviews and discussions with different
stakeholders, both individuals and focus groups in Afar,
Somali and S.Omo
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33. Challenges in understanding
local innovation
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Difficulties in separating climate-change impacts
from other pressures on pastoral systems
Distinguishing between indigenous practices and
local innovation
Recognising small but possibly important changes
Keeping a longer-term perspective
Keeping pace with fast change

34. Pastoralists’ emerging responses to
climate change
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Developing their own cut and carry feeding system Settlement
around water points
Purchasing with credit Changing herd composition
Settlement on islands in dryland lakes Diversification of
livelihood sources
Use of motor vehicles to transport water, fodder and/or animals
Use of Traditional early warning systems
Empowerment of traditional institutions

35. Traditional early warning systems

36. Cut and carry feed from national parks

37. Increased rearing of small animals

38. Multipurpose use of trucks (water / livestock)

39. Opportunistic cropping

40. 2. REalliance – a model for supporting community
energy initiative as social enterprises
•REalliance is a Community Interest Company based in London.
•Its principal activities are to provide development support, guidance and
information for Third Sector Waste Management Organisations and to
represent community sustainable resource management groups.
•By ensuring that policymakers at all levels of government are aware of
the needs of community sustainable resource management groups,
REalliance CIC aims to ensure that these groups have a favourable
environment in which to operate and that any new policies and
regulations treat these groups satisfactorily.
40

41. 41
3. THE ART OF GLACIER GRAFTING
Innovative water harvesting technique in Ladakh
• Ladakh Does Not Receive Any Summer Monsoon
• The Annual Rainfall Is Less Than 70 Mm
• Temperatures Drop To Minus 45 °C In Winters
• The entire 19,967 ha of cultivable land depends on irrigation
from glacial melt water.

42. 42
Design, structure and formation of artificial glaciers
• Chewang Norphel-'ice man‘- came up with a solution of creating artificial
glaciers in 1987
• Artificial glacier is an intricate network of water channels and check dams
along the upper slopes of the village valley.

43. 43
Crops
Before AG
Project
After AG
Project
Absolute
Change
Percentage
Change
Control
Yield Diff.
with control
Area
(ha)
Yield
(q/ha)
Area
(ha)
Yield
(q/ha)
Area
(ha)
Yield
(q/ha)
Area
(%)
Yirld
(%)
Yield (q/ha) (q/ha)
Barley 63 18.8 58 21.7 -5 2.9 -7.9 15.5 19.3 2.4
Wheat 353 12.4 335 17.2 -18 4.9 -5.1 39.5 14.2 3.0
Millets 184 2.0 138 2.6 -46 0.6 -25.0 29.0 2.0 0.6
Potato 57 19.5 78 23.0 21 3.5 36.8 18.0 20.0 3.0
Peas 38 31.0 47 37.5 9 6.5 23.7 21.0 33.0 4.5
Vegetables 19 38.5 53 47.0 34 8.5 179.0 22.1 41.0 6.0
Alfa Alfa
(fodder) 42
1-2
cung 57
3-4
cung 15 - - - -
-
Total 756 766
Impact on cropping pattern, productivity and income
Source: Field Survey (2015)

44. • The Ice Stupa Project was conceived to overcome the problems of artificial
glaciers which require very specific site conditions.
• The first prototype was constructed at the SEMCOL (Students' Educational
and Cultural Movement of Ladakh) Alternative School in Leh.
• The brain behind this novel technique is Sonam Wangchuk, a local
mechanical engineer and founder of SECMOL.
• The basic idea behind Ice Stupas is to freeze and hold the water that
normally would have run-off downstream throughout the winter so that
it can be used in the spring time when the fields need it the most during
sowing period.
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Ice Stupas: Conical
Glaciers

45. 45

46. 46
Parameter Artificial Glacier Ice Stupa
Location
Altitude range: 3,300 – 4,500 m
Site specific, North-facing and shaded
Altitude range: 3,000 – 4,000 m Not site
specific
Shape Horizontal thick ice sheets Vertical conical shaped structures
Size (approx.)
Length: 300 – 1000 m
Width: 70 – 135 m
Thickness: 3 – 6 m
Height: 20 m
Basal width: 15 m
Basal circumference: 45 m
Glacier volume (m3
) 2,00,000 – 3,00,000 m3
1,500 – 2,000 m3
Potential water
available
(million litres)
2,000 – 3,000 million litres 15 – 20 million litres

47. 47
Potential Area
Benefitted (ha)
40 – 140 ha 4 – 8 ha
Potential Number of
Beneficiary Households
50 – 350 Households Common wasteland of Phyang Village
Cost ` 13,50,000 ` 75,000*
Material and
Maintenance
Artificial glaciers can be created with
locally available material and
maintained by the local community.
Most of the material needs to be
transported from outside the region;
maintenance requires special skills
Impact
Increased and timely water availability
for irrigation; soil moisture conservation
and groundwater recharge; reduced
incidence of water conflicts
Potential impact is to turn the Phyang
desert into green area.
Replication High altitude ecologies Medium – High altitude ecologies

48. Lessons learned and the way
forward

49. Lessons learned…

50. How government can galvanise the community-led
responses to climate change ?
50

51. Conclusion
51
• Community-based adaptation brings together
those working in the fields of disaster risk
reduction, community development, and
climate change science.
• There is still much work to be done to
encourage different communities to develop a
common language, to share good practice,
and to draw on the lessons of other
participatory development work

52. Thank
you
We have not inherited this earth from our
ancestors but we have borrowed it from our
young generations
-Kofi Annan