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1. I
SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS)
BUILDING SERVICES 1
TOPIC:
SUSTAINABLE STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
Group member Student ID
Chuang Jing 0322934
Koh Wen Qi 0323355
Gan Xiao Ying 0322998
Yeo Dor Een 0316224
Siong Jia Yii 0318239
Chen Shin Yee 0322650

2. II
Table of content
Title Page
Introduction 1 - 2
The advantages and Disadvantages 3
Examples of Storm water management 4 - 9
Installation process 10 - 14
Case study: Finding and Explanation 15 - 21
Possible problems to the system 22 - 23
Recommendations for future improvement 24
Learning from the group work project 25
References 26
Appendices 27 - 31

3. 1
Introduction to Sustainable Stormwater Management
Stormwater is rainwater that runs off streets, lawns and other sites. When storm
water absorbed into the ground, it is filtered and replenished aquifers or flows into rivers and
streams. Stormwater is also a resource and ever growing in importance as population
demand exceeds the availability of readily available water. In developed areas, however,
impervious surfaces such as pavement and roofs prevent precipitation from naturally
soaking into the ground. This phenomenon often causes some issues occurred such as
downstream flooding, habitat destruction, infrastructure damage and etc. Therefore,
managing the quality and quantity of storm water named Stormwater Management (SWM)
must be often practiced to prevent drainage failure and other problems as well. The term
Best Management Practice (BMP) is often used for both structural or engineered control
devices and system.
Stormwater is actually concern for two main issues:
A) Related to the volume and timing of runoff water (flood control and water supplies)
B) Related to potential contaminants that the water is carrying, i.e. water pollution.
Traditional stormwater management design have been focused on collecting
stormwater in piped networks and transporting it off site quickly, either directly to a stream or
river, to a large stormwater management facilities or to a combined sewer system flowing to

4. 2
a wastewater treatment plant. In this era, low impact development (LID) and wet weather
green infrastructure was implemented through a variety of techniques.
Malaysia where economy and population grow rapidly has been widely practiced
rapid disposal, localized, reactive and mono-functional drainage concepts.

5. 3
Advantages and Disadvantages of Stormwater Management
Advantages
Stormwater management provides proper drainage of surface run-off and avoids
damages on infrastructure such as private properties and streets. It also provides possibility
to recharge groundwater and re-use precipitation water and surface run-off as irrigation or
household water. Besides, this management provides effective stormwater flood control and
can be integrated into the urban landscape and provide green and recreational areas.
Revenue generated by a stormwater utility can be used as a new, dedicated source of funds
to supplement or replace the community's current stormwater management funding,
enabling tax-based funding to be used for other community needs. Revenue generated by a
stormwater utility is based on user fees and provides a constant, sustainable funding source
that increases with the community's growth. Sustainable funding allows municipal
stormwater programs to operate on a stable basis to support staff, maintain existing
infrastructure, and adopt long-term planning for capital investments, maintenance
enhancement, and staff development. A stormwater utility more equitably shares the costs of
stormwater management among the users of the stormwater system than a property tax-
based system, and increases the number of properties contributing funding of the
stormwater management system by including tax-exempt properties. Through incentive
programs that reduce user fees, a stormwater utility encourages better stormwater
management, such as the use of low impact development practices.
Disadvantages
Expert planning, implementation, operation and maintenance required for a
stormwater management. It depends on the technique, a lot of operation and labour
required. Furthermore, there is risk of clogging infiltration system caused by high
sedimentation rates. Temporary covering methods, such as plastic sheeting, can become
torn or ripped, exposing the contaminant to precipitation and/or storm water runoff. In
addition, health or safety problems may develop with enclosures built over certain covering
materials or activities. Coverings also require frequent inspection.

6. 4
Examples of Sustainable Stormwater management
Green infrastructure practices maintain or restore stormwater's natural flow pattern
by allowing the water to slowly permeate into the ground and be used by plants. These
practices include rain gardens, vegetated swales, green roofs and porous pavements. Green
infrastructure also includes preserving or restoring natural areas, such as forests, stream
buffers and wetlands, and reducing the size of paved surfaces.
1.
Rain Gardens: A shallow, constructed depression that slow down the rush of water from
these hard surfaces, holds the water for a short period of time and allows it to naturally
infiltrate into the ground. , it manage and treat small volumes of storm water by filtering
runoff through soil and vegetation.
Rain Garden at the Ulster County Department
of the Environment office in Kingston.

7. 5
2.
Bioretention Areas: A depression integrated into the landscape that capture and treat
stormwater, allowing the water to filter through soil and vegetation such as trees, shrubs,
and grasses to remove pollutants from stormwater runoff. Bioretention areas are usually
larger than rain gardens and designed with an underdrain to connect to the storm drain
system.
Volunteers planting the bioretention
area at NewburghTown Hall.

8. 6
3.
Vegetated Swales: (a.k.a. grassed channel, dry swale, wet swale or biofilter) A natural
drainage paths or vegetated channels used to transport water instead of underground storm
sewers or concrete open channels to convey stormwater runoff. They increase the time of
concentration, reduce discharge, and provide infiltration. Generally have a trapezoidal or
parabolic shape with relatively flat side slopes.
Vegetated swale at the Village of Greenwood Lake
in Orange County

9. 7
4.
Green Roofs: A system of roofing that uses plant life for roof covering instead of traditional
covering materials. Green roofs are layers of soil and vegetation installed on rooftops that
capture runoff. The vegetation cover the roof provide an excellent insulation to the building
reducing energy consumption significantly but they also allow evaporation and
evapotranspiration to reduce the volume and discharge rate of storm water and act as a
natural filter for rainwater.
Green roof at Logan Gardens, a senior housing
apartment building in Manhattan.

10. 8
5.
Porous Pavement: A permeable pavement surface with a stone reservoir underneath. The
pavements allow storm water to infiltrate directly into the soil, reducing storm water runoff
and pollutants. Porous pavement often appears the same as traditional asphalt or concrete
but is manufactured with incorporates void spaces that allow for infiltration.
Pervious concrete parking lot at the Roeliff Jansen
Community Library in Copake.

11. 9
6.
Stream Buffer Restoration: By planting native trees and bushes along your stream or ditch,
strips of trees and other vegetation buffer helps improve water quality and stream damage
can be minimized by filtering and slowing polluted runoff, along with many other benefits.
Restoring the stream buffer by planting trees and shrubs
along the Casperkill Creek in Poughkeepsie as part of
the Hudson Estuary Trees for Tribs initiative.

12. 10
INSTALLATION PROCESS
INSTALLATION PROCESS OF RAIN GARDEN
Step 1. To lock down location of utilities prior to digging.
Step 2. To lay out shape of rain garden with equipments such as rope, spray paint, or flags.
This should be the size you calculated when you did the size and depth calculations.
Step 3. Kill or remove existing turf that may become competing, undesirable vegetation in
the future. You can remove it or spray with a herbicide such as Roundup. If you spray you
will need to wait a couple weeks for the grass to die out. Sod can also be cut with a spade
and transplanted to another location in the yard.
Step 4. Compost and sand have to be mixed into stockpile topsoil. It is necessary that a tarp
be placed under the soil to protect the grass.
Step 5. Excavate subsoil and use it to create a compacted berm which need to be level on
the lower edge of the rain garden.
Step 6. Work from the side of rain garden to prevent compaction of soil in the rain garden.
Step 7. Thoroughly mix and add 50% washed sand, 30% compost, 20% topsoil. When
amending the soil, amend to a 6 inch depth below the bottom of the rain garden, so over
excavation of the soil is first needed.
Step 8. Make sure the rain garden is level and the proper depth.
Step 9. Put down a 2-3 inch layer of shredded hardwood mulch.
Step 10. Begin planting. It is easier to place the mulch before planting when using small
plug plants. Then spread the mulch before installing the plugs and pull it back around the
plant after it is in place.
Step 11. By adding flagstone, rocks, or other protective products is one of the ways to
protect against erosion where water enters the rain garden.
Step 12. Have a designate and armored outlet for flows from heavy rains that exceed the
design capacity. Rocks work well.

13. 11
INSTALLATION PROCESS OF BIORETENTION AREAS
Step 1. Construction of the bioretention area may only start after the entire contributing
drainage area has been stabilized with vegetation. While the bioretention area is being
constructed, it may be necessary to block certain curb or other inlets. The proposed site
should be checked for existing utilities prior to any excavation.
Step 2. A preconstruction meeting should be held by the designer and the installer, checking
the boundaries of the contributing drainage area and the actual inlet elevations to ensure
they conform to original design. Since other contractors may be responsible for constructing
portions of the site, it is quite random to find subtle differences in site grading, drainage and
paving elevations which can produce hydraulically important differences for the proposed
bioretention area. The designer should communicate well, in writing, any project changes
determined during the preconstruction meeting to the installer and the designer.
Step 3. To complete construction of the bioretention area to divert stormwater away from the
bioretention area, temporary E&S controls are needed. To protect vulnerable side slopes
from erosion during the construction process, special protection measures such as erosion
control fabrics may be needed.
Step 4. Any pre-treatment cells should be excavated first and then sealed to trap sediments.
Step 5. Excavators should work from the sides to excavate the bioretention area to its
appropriate design depth and dimensions. To prevent sitting inside the footprint of the
bioretention area, excavating equipment should have scoops with adequate reach.
Contractors should use a cell construction approach in larger bioretention basins, whereby
the basin is split into 500 to 1,000 sq. ft. temporary cells with a 10-15 foot earth bridge in
between, so that cells can be excavated from the side.
Step 6. It may be necessary to rip the bottom soils to a depth of 6 to 12 inches to promote
greater infiltration.
Step 7. Place geotextile fabric on the sides of the bioretention area with a 6-inch overlap on
the sides. If a stone storage layer will be used, place the suitable depth of #57 stone on the
bottom, install the perforated underdrain pipe, pack #57 stone to 3 inches above the
underdrain pipe, and add around 3 inches of choker stone/pea gravel as a filter between the
underdrain and the soil media layer. If no stone storage layer is used, start with 6 inches of
#57 stone on the bottom, and proceed with the layering as analysis above.
Step 8. Send the soil media from an approved vendor, and store it on an adjacent
impervious area or plastic sheeting. Apply the media in 12-inch lifts until the desired top

14. 12
elevation of the bioretention area is achieved. Wait a few days to check for settlement, and
add additional media, as needed, to achieve the design elevation.
Step 9. Get ready planting holes for any trees and shrubs, apply the vegetation, and water
accordingly. Install any temporary irrigation.
Step 10. Place the surface cover in both cells depending on the design. If coir or jute matting
will be used in lieu of mulch, the matting will need to be installed prior to planting (Step 9),
and holes or slits will have to be cut in the matting to install the plants.
Step 11. Install the plant materials as shown in the landscaping plan, and water them during
weeks of no rain for the first two months.
Step 12. Lead the final construction inspection. Then log the GPS coordinates for each
bioretention facility and submit them for entry into the local maintenance tracking database.
INSTALLATION PROCESS OF VEGETATED SWALES
Step 1. Rough grade the vegetated swale. Equipment shall avoid excessive compaction or
land disturbance. Heavy excavating equipment should operate from the side of the swale
and should not be on the bottom. If excavation brings to substantial compaction of the
subgrade, 18 inches shall be removed and took place with a blend of topsoil and sand to
promote infiltration and biological develop. At the minimize, topsoil shall be thoroughly deep
ploughed into the subgrade in order to penetrate the compacted zone and promote aeration
and the formation of macrospores (soil pore space). The area should be disked prior to final
grading of topsoil by following this.
Step 2. Construct check dams, if required.
Step 3. Fine grade the vegetated swale. Accurate grading is crucial for swales. Even the
smallest nonconformities may compromise flow conditions.
Step 4. Prior to establishment of vegetation, a swale is specifically vulnerable to scour and
erosion and therefore its seed bed must be protected with temporary erosion control, such
as straw matting, compost blankets, or fiberglass roving. Seed, vegetate and install
appropriate protective lining as soon as possible. Plant the swale at a time of the year when
successful establishment without irrigation is most likely. However, temporary irrigation may
be needed in periods of little rain or drought. To prevent erosion and scour, vegetation
should be established as soon as possible.

15. 13
Step 5. If all tributary areas are enough stabilized, remove temporary erosion and sediment
controls. It is very important that the swale be hold before receiving upland stormwater flow.
INSTALLATION PROCESS OF DRY SWALE
Step 1. Dry Swales should keep outside the limit of disturbance during construction to
prevent soil compaction by heavy equipment. However, this is seldom practical given that
swales are a key part of the drainage system at most sites. In these cases, temporary E&S
controls such as dikes, silt fences and other similar measures should be integrated into the
swale design throughout the construction sequence. Specifically, barriers should be installed
at key check dam locations, erosion control fabric should be used to protect the channel, and
excavation should be no deeper than 2 feet above the proposed invert of the bottom of the
planned underdrain. Dry Swales that lack underdrains must be fully protected by silt fence or
construction fencing to prevent compaction by heavy equipment during construction.
Step 2. Applying may only start after the whole contributing drainage area has been
stabilized by vegetation. The designer should investigate the boundaries of the contributing
drainage area to ensure it conforms to original design. Additional E&S controls may be
needed during swale construction, particularly to divert stormwater from the Dry Swale until
the filter bed and side slopes are fully stabilized. Pre-treatment cells should be excavated
first to trap sediments before they reach the planned filter beds.
Step 3. Excavators should work from the sides to excavate the Dry Swale area to the
suitable design depth and dimensions. Excavating equipment should have scoops with
adequate reach so they do not have to sit inside the footprint of the Dry Swale area.
Step 4. The bottom of the Dry Swale should be ripped, roto-tilled or otherwise scarified to
promote greater infiltration.
Step 5. Place an acceptable filter fabric on the excavated underground sides of the dry
swale with a minimum 6 inch overlap. Place the stone needed for storage layer over the filter
bed. Perforate the underdrain pipe and check its slope. Add the remaining stone jacket, and
then pack #57 stone to 3 inches above the top of the underdrain, and then add 3 inches of
pea gravel as a filter layer.
Step 6. Increase the soil media to 12-inch lifts until the desired top elevation of the Dry
Swale is reached. After few days check for settlement, and add additional media as needed.

16. 14
Step 7. Install check dams, driveway culverts and internal pre-treatment features, as
specified in the plan.
Step 8. Prepare planting holes for specified trees and shrubs, install erosion control fabric
where needed, spread seed or lay sod, and install any temporary irrigation.
Step 9. Plant landscaping materials as shown in the landscaping plan, and water them
weekly during the first 2 months. The construction contract should include a care and
replacement warranty to ensure that vegetation is properly established and survives during
the first growing season following construction.
Step 10. Conduct a final construction inspection and develop a punchlist for facility
acceptance.
INSTALLATION PROCESS OF GREEN ROOF
Step 1. Install a monolithic type waterproof membrane such as rubber and plastic on top of
the roof decking.
Step 2. Place a 6mm sheet of plastic on the waterproof membrane and the waterproof
membrane will serve as a root barrier.
Step 3. Top the first two layers with one or more thin sheets of three-quarter-inch foam
insulation suited for contact with damp soil. (Insulation is only required when it is necessary
to increase the R-value for the roof over conditioned spaces. If the space below the green
roof is not conditioned — over a garden pavilion or shed — there is no reason to provide
anything more than some protection for the waterproof membrane, such as thin foam ‘fan
board’ insulation or perhaps a layer of building felt.)
Step 4. Set a drainage mat which also called as a dimple mat with capillary spaces on top of
the insulation. Place the mat to keep the soil from clogging the mat so the felt side faces up.
Step 5. Frame the sides for the roof with mesh gutter guards, wood or other edging that will
permit drainage to hold soil in place. Intermediate angle supports may be needed to keep
the vertical edging sturdy. The horizontal leg of the supports can be slipped under the
drainage mat and weighted with the topping soil to keep them from overturning. It is best to
devise supports so they do not penetrate the waterproof membrane surface to prevent leaks.
Step 6. Add soil and set plants in place.
Step 7. Water to settle soil around plants.

17. 15
Case Study
Expressway 38
Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel
(SMART Tunnel)
Maintained by Syarikat Mengurus Air Banjir dan Terowong Sdn Bhd (SMART).
Location: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Length: 9.7 km (6.03 miles) stormwater by-pass tunnel
4km (2.49 miles) double-deck motorway within stormwater tunnel
Existed: 2003 – present
Owner: Government of Malaysia
Malaysian Highway Authority (LLM)
Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia (JPS)
Construction: Gamuda Berhad
Malaysia Mining Corporation Berhad(MMC)
Construction works started November 2003, completed in 2007.
Construction
cost:
RM 1887 million
North end: Sultan Ismail- Kampung Pandan Link
Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 1 (Jalan Tun Razak)
Kuala Lumpur-Seremban Expressway
East-West Link Expressway
South end: SMART Tunnel toll plaza near Sungai Besi Airport
Primary
destinations:
Bukit Bintang
Imbi
Cheras
Petaling Jaya
Seremban
Number of
lanes:
Four (double-decked)
Operating
speed:
60km/h

18. 16
Introduction to SMART Tunnel
The “Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel” or “SMART Tunnel”, is a storm
drainage and road structure in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and a major national project in the
country. The project is implemented through a joint venture pact between MMC Corp
Berhad and Gamuda Berhad with the Department of Irrigation And Drainage Malaysia and
the Malaysian Highway Authority as the executing government agencies.
The 9.7km (6.0mi) tunnel is the longest stormwater tunnel in South East Asia
and second longest in Asia. It begins at Kampung Berembang lake near Klang River at
Ampang and ends at Taman Desa lake near Kerayong River at Salak South.
There are two major components of this tunnel which are stormwater tunnel and
motorway tunnel. It is the longest multi-purpose tunnel in the world.
The main objective of this tunnel is to solve the problemof flash floods in the city
centre of Kuala Lumpur by divert large volumes of flood water via a holding pond, bypass
tunnel and storage reservoir.
Not only that, the motorway tunnel was
integrated into the system to provide an
alternative route for motorists from the Southern
Gateway, i.e. KL-Seremban Highway, Federal
Highway, Besraya and East-West Link entering
and exiting the city centre. This will reduce
traffic congestion at the Southern Gateway
leading to the city centre. The travel time will be
reduced significantly.

19. 17
Unique Features
SMART Tunnel has some additional features that are unique over and the features seen in a
normal motorway tunnel.
 Alam Flora Road Sweeper
 SCADA Monitoring & Surveillance
 Radio Re-Broadcasting Services
 Automated Flood Control Gates
 First Responder Vehicle (FRV)
 Ventilation/Escape Shafts
 Medical Response Vehicle (MRV)
 Cross Passage
 Air Quality Monitoring Equipment (AQME)
 Other Emergency Equipment
1. Alam Flora Road Sweeper
Alam Flora Road Sweeper is a type of vehicle that has a water tank and would be
able to carry around 1000 litres per session. It is capable of handling operations for
the cleanliness in SMART Tunnel. The cleaning operation is during minimum
disruption to traffic flow, means at night. The dimension of the main broom is
1500mm in length and 400mm in diameter while the gutter broom measures around

20. 18
500mm in diameter. The Road Sweeper has a hopper capacity of +/- 5.0cu.m and a
vacuum type “true flow” air system using a fan blower output of +/- 450m3 per
minute.
2. SCADA Monitoring & Surveillance
State-of-the-art SCADA monitoring and surveillance of SMART is 24-hour at its
highway. BARCO Wall is able to show 70 CCTV screen at one time. Besides, the
Automatic Detection Systems use video images and laser beams processing to
detect unusual events. There are more than 212 units of Closed Circuit Television in
the SMART tunnel.
3. Radio Re-Broadcasting Services
With the Radio Re-broadcasting Services user would be able to receive the radio
channel, phone call or other communication reception without any interference
because stations can link in radio networks to broadcast common programming
(either in syndication or simulcast or both), local wire networks, internet and satellite.
Radio Re-broadcasting is an audio broadcasting service, traditionally broadcast
through the air as radio waves from a transmitter to an antenna and finally to a
receiving device.
4. Automated Flood Control Gate
3 Automated Flood Control Gate at both end of motorway
2 Automated Flood Control Gate at both end junction boxes
The water tight gates are operated using a hydraulic system. These gates are
installed on either ends of the motorway or similar single flood control steel gates are
installed at both entrances and exits of the motorway tunnel.
5. First Responder Vehicle (FRV)
First Responder Vehicle (FRV) is Custom-Built Fire Engines for SMART Highway.
The powerful 2.5 litre DOHC 4x4 vehicles with customization are the first of its kind,
Malaysian fire engines that will be used solely for SMART Highway operations. The
FRVs were customized to meet the sophisticated design of the SMART Tunnel such
as height limitations, tunnel manoeuvrability, special equipment housing and is
powered by an engine that produces minimal carbon emission in order to ensure

21. 19
safety in the tunnel is maintained throughout an emergency operation. Manufactured
in accordance with international standards of MS ISO 9001 for quality assurance and
under the special requirements of the National Fire Protection Agency.
6. Ventilation/Escape Shafts
Ventilation/Escape Shafts at 1km intervals. . This design enables the fans to be
installed outside the SMART Tunnel to create a longitudinal flow in the tunnel
between the shafts that permits the air in the tunnel to be continuously renewed and
the extraction of the exhaust fumes. These powerful air ventilators will constantly
renew the air and maintain the air quality within the motorway. The system consists
of a series of shafts each containing an exhaust and fresh air injector too protect the
ventilation system during the flooding. The features also allows for smoke control in
the event of a fire.
7. Medical Response Vehicle (MRV)
MRV is a custom-built Ambulance which is capable in giving the first responder
services or further emergency treatment for SMART Highway. The advantages of the
MRV is it can transport the Emergency Medical Specialist or the medical team to wet,
skidded and limited eye vision and also off road situation. MRV are also able to carry
the listed medical equipment such as: Emergency Medical and Trauma Bag, Triage
Card, Immobilization, Emergency Drugs, Automated External Defibrillator,
Emergency Airways Management and other equipment such as emergency cone for
safe guard the incident area.
8. Cross Passage
Cross Passage between decks at 250m intervals: the passage acts as emergency
exits during an emergency.
9. Air Quality Monitoring Equipment (AQME)
There are 38 sets of AQME monitoring Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Monoxide
(NO) and particulate. They are cited in the upper and lower decks. The ventilation will
provide for the supply and extract of air for both the upper and lower road decks. It
will be operated automatically based on the air quality monitoring system outputs.
10. Other Emergency Equipment

22. 20
Equipped with fire fighting equipment, telephone and surveillance at 1km interval.
Hydrant & Fire Extinguishers located every 90m.
Mode 1
~ When weather is fair with little or no rain and traffic is allowed in the tunnel.
Mode 2

23. 21
~Activated when moderate rainfalls and the flow rate recorded at the confluence of
upper Klang river/Ampang river (L4 flow station) is 70-150m3
/s. Only 50m3
/s is
allowed to flow downstream.
~Excess flood water will be diverted to SMART storages and only the lower drains of
tunnel will be used to convey flood flow to the Desa attenuation pond.
~Road tunnel will still opened to traffic.
Mode 3
~Activated when major storm event occurs and flood model forecasts a flow rate of
150m3
/s.
~Traffic will be evacuated from the road tunnel. This is normally takes about an hour.
Only 10m3
/s is allowed to flow downstream.
~Road tunnel will be re-opened to traffic within 2-8 hours after closure.
Mode 4
~Activated if heavy storm prolongs, usually will be confirmed 1-2 hours after Mode 3
is declared.
~Road tunnel will be used for passage of flood after traffic evacuation completed.
Only 10m3
/s is allowed to flow downstream.
~Road tunnel will be re-opened within 4 days of closure.

24. 22
Problems
1. Limitation
 Only cars, MPVs and SUVs not exceeding 2m in heights are allowed to go
through the smart tunnel.
 Smart tunnel can only mitigate flooding in the city center where it covers.
According to The Star Online,2011, there is another case in Malaysia which
was the day Jalan Tun Razak, Jalan Semarak and Kampung Baru was
flooded. The river that burst its bank was Sungai Bunus. It flows though the
Kampung Baru – Jalan Tun Razak – Jalan Semarak Area but this waterway
was not covered under the SMART tunnel scope.
 Smart tunnel cannot work by itself. It need two components to complement
each other to curb floods, example the ponds.
 According to New Sunday Times, the SMART tunnel is designed to handle
only 45 percent of floodwaters coming from the rivers.
2. Low usage
 People are saying that government refuses to operate the tunnel now
because the government wants to collect toll through Smart traffic operations.
Spending RM1.8 billion for something which would not be used the whole
year needed to reevaluation.
3. High maintenance fees
 According to Big boy big toy,2011 , SMART tunnel comes with a hefty
maintenance fees which costing RM20 million per year.
 Such sum of money comes from tax payers.
4. Traffic jam
 When SMART tunnel requires times to clean up thus it will be closed to
public , this will cause the traffic congestion problems remains unsolved.

25. 23
5. Blind corner
 The exit of tunnel is concealed behind the blind corner hence some drivers
would possibly stop suddenly in the middle of road because they have no
idea which road to exit.
 More road signs or notifications are required to inform the drivers where to
exit.
6. Road conditions
 Many of the road users complained about the bumpy road in the SMART
Tunnel as it may become a minor nuisance to all the drivers that would cause
minor damage to cars and even result in a car accident.
 However, according to Mohd Noor Mohd Ali, this special rough road surface
is designed with features to reduce speed. The transverse yellow bars
painted across the road is also one of the features.
7. Delaying in opening the tunnels
 SMART company delay in opening the tunnels is what caused the floods.
 On that day, there was six inches of water on the ground and it was raining
since evening until 9pm at night. But, the inefficiency SMART company did
nothing. This was not the first time that SMART had neglected its duties.
They should be prepared to guard the city but they are not. (Thomas,2012)

26. 24
Recommendation for future improvement
Low Impact Development (LID) is highly recommended to the second choice other
than the SMART Tunnel.One of the methods is infiltration practices that constructs
structures or landscapes to infiltrate runoff water. It decrease the volume of discharged
storm water and infrastructure required to be conduct,cure or manage runoffs. LIP
development or improvement in which it brings less or no harm to the environment which in
this case. It basically means development to storm water management which is green and
environmental friendly. Studies show that implementing LID practices can have multiple
positive environmental effects including:
Recharge of groundwater
Improvement of water quality
Protection of downstream resources
Improvement of habitat
Improves aesthetics in streams and rivers
Abatement of pollution Conservation of water and energy
Reduced downstream flooding and erosion
Another method of LID is runoff storage practices. It is one of the common practices
used as it does not take up much space. There are several examples of LID such as the
green roof or eco roof. The roof is planted with plants as storm water management
processes instead of using concrete or glass. The plants are able to trap rain water for
storage to be reused and at the same time it waters plants.Runoff practices can be
implemented in car parks, streets, and pedestrian paths by installing storage tanks below
them. It is a direct discharge from the surface to be stored temporarily in underground
storage tanks in order to control the flow of storm water drainage. As Kuala Lumpur is an
urban city with many tall buildings, green roof is a suitable application to most of the
buildings such as shopping mall or hotel. The green roof may act as a detention to control
the flowing rate of runoff storm water.
In conclusion, SMART Tunnel is only suitable for the city that will always be flooding
especially Kuala Lumpur. The main function for SMART Tunnel is to solve flooding issue, but
Low Impact Development can reduce the reliance and burden to the SMART Tunnel. By
implementing low impact development methodology, flood issues can overcome, no big
infrastructures required and most importantly it is more environmental friendly.

27. 25
Learning from the group work project
From this assignment, all the group members had learnt how to identify the
application, system, installation, process, benefits, problems and anything relevant to our
topic, sustainable stormwater management. We gained a lot of useful information about
this topic. Moreover, we had understand and learnt how to explain relevant information
related to the selected case study. Our knowledge to the building services technology and
the management system has been extended since this project had developed our
understanding of stormwater system and the current application in construction industry. In
addition, we also learnt about the importance of teamwork in a group assignment.
Participation of every group members is much appreciated.

28. 26
References
Environmental services. (n.d.). Stormwater Utilities. Retrieved from
http://des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/water/stormwater/utilities.htm
SSWM. (2012). Stormwater Management. Retrieved from
http://www.sswm.info/category/implementation-tools/wastewater-
collection/hardware/surface-runoff/stormwater-management
New York State Department of Environmental Conversation. (2015). Green Infrastructure
Examples for Stormwater Management in the Hudson Valley. Retrieved from
http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/58930.html#Rain
Rain Garden Network. (n.d.). What is a Rain Garden? Retrieved from
http://www.raingardennetwork.com/
Ten Towns Great Swamp Watershed Management Committee. (n.d.). Bioretention Systems
for Stormwater Management. Retrieved from http://www.fxbrowne.com/html/gs-facts/gs-
factsheet05v9.pdf
Greenworks. (n.d.). Vegetated Swales. Retrieved from
http://www.greenworks.tv/stormwater/vegetatedswales.htm
Howstuffworks. (2010).What is a Green Roof? Retrieved from
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/green-rooftop.htm
Greenworks. (n.d.). Porous Pavement. Retrieved from
http://www.greenworks.tv/stormwater/porouspavement.htm
Clean Water Education Partnership. (n.d.). Stream Buffers. Retrieved from
http://nccwep.org/involvement/buffers/index.php
Independent Study. (2014). Stormwater Quality Management in Malaysia. Retrieved from
http://www.academia.edu/4564558/Stormwater_Quality_Management_in_Malaysia

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Appendices

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31. 29

32. 30

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