1. Overview of Chapter 21 part I
Organs of the superior respiratory system
tissues
Organs of the inferior respiratory system
tissues
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2. Respiration
• The main function of the respiratory system is
respiration
• supply O2 to cells and dispose of CO2 from body
• Involves both respiratory and circulatory
systems
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3. Respiration
1. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing):
air movement into and out of the lungs
2. External respiration: O2 and CO2
exchange, lungs : blood
Respiratory
system
3. Transport: O2 and CO2 in blood
4. Internal respiration: O2 and CO2
exchange, blood : tissues
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Circulatory
system

4. Respiratory System: Functional Anatomy
Major organs
• Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi and their branches
• Lungs and alveoli
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5. Nasal cavity
Nostril
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Carina of
trachea
Right
bronchus
Right lung
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Left
bronchus
Left lung
Diaphragm
Figure 21.1

6. The Nose
• Provides an airway
• Moistens and warms entering air
• Filters and cleans air
• Resonating chamber for speech
• Houses olfactory receptors
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7. The Nose
Two regions
1.External nose: root, bridge, and apex
• Philtrum
• a groove below nose
on upper lip
• Nostrils (nares)
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8. The Nose
2. Nasal cavity:
• Location:
•
Divided by nasal septum (R &L)
•
Open posteriorly to nasaopharynx
• Roof: ethmoid and
sphenoid bones
• Floor: hard and soft palates
• Contains nasal conchae
•
Superior, middle & inferior
•
Helps to circulate air
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ethmoid
sphenoid
Nasal pharynx
Nasal conchae
Hard palate
Soft palate

9. Nasal Tissues
• Olfactory mucosa
• Lines the superior nasal cavity
• Contains smell receptors
• Respiratory mucosa
• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
• Mucous
• Cilia move mucus to back of throat
• Sensory nerves triggers sneezing
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10. Pharynx
Muscular tube
1.Nasopharynx
•
nasal cavity
1.Oropharynx
•
mouth
1.Laryngopharynx
•
larynx
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11. Nasopharynx
• Posterior nasal cavity
• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
• Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) on superior posterior
wall
• Uvula and soft palate
• Inferior border
• close during swallowing
• Pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes
• on lateral walls
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12. Oropharynx
• From the soft palate to the epiglottis
• stratified squamous epithelium
• Isthmus of the fauces (opening to the oral cavity)
• Palatine tonsils lateral walls of fauces
• Lingual tonsil posterior of tongue
Laryngopharynx
• From the epiglottis to the larynx
• continuous with the esophagus
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13. Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil
Opening of
pharyngotympanic
tube
Uvula
Oropharynx
Palatine tonsil
Isthmus of the
fauces
Hard palate
Soft palate
Tongue
Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Hyoid bone
Esophagus
Trachea
(c) Illustration
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Figure 21.3c

14. Larynx
• Composed of 9 cartilages
• Superior region of the trachea
• Voice production
• Separates trachea from esophagus
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15. Larynx
Cartilages of the larynx
Epiglottis
• Thyroid cartilage
• laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
• Cricoid cartilage - ring-shaped
• Arytenoid, cuneiform, and
corniculate cartilages
Thyroid cartilage
• All paired
• Epiglottis
• elastic cartilage
• covers the larynx during swallowing
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Cricoid cartilage
Tracheal
cartilages

16. Larynx
Voice production
•Vocal ligaments
• Attach arytenoid cartilages : thyroid cartilage
• Form vocal folds (vocal cords)
• Air pushes forced through glottis (opening)
• vibrate to produce sound
• Vestibular folds (false cords)
• Superior to ligaments, for swalloing
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17. Voice Production
Base of tongue
Epiglottis
Vestibular fold
(false vocal cord)
Vocal fold
(true vocal cord)
Glottis
Inner lining of trachea
Cuneiform cartilage
Corniculate cartilage
(a) Vocal folds in closed position;
closed glottis
(b) Vocal folds in open position;
open glottis
Anything other than air passing through causes
a “cough” reflex
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Figure 21.5

18. Trachea
• Windpipe: from larynx to mediastinum
• Tissues
• Inner lining: ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
with goblet cells
• Outer lining: fibrous connective tissue
• Cartilage
• After cricoid all cartilages are incomplete rings
• Open towards esophagus
• Allows expansion
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19. Posterior
Mucosa
Esophagus
Lumen of
trachea
Hyaline cartilage
Adventitia
Anterior
(a) Cross section of the trachea and esophagus
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Figure 21.6a

20. Lower Respiratory System
Trachea divides into right and left main bronchi
• One for each lung (primary)
•Main bronchus branches into lobar
(secondary) bronchi
• three right, two left
• Each lobar supplies
one lobe
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21. Lower Respiratory System
• Lobar bronchus branches into segmental
(tertiary) bronchi
• Segmental bronchi divide repeatedly
• Bronchioles small conduits
• Entire structure is the respiratory tree
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22. Alveolar sacs
• Terminal bronchioles subdivide into alveolar
ducts
• Contain alveolar sacs
• alveoli = one sac
• majority of lung volume
• Site of gas exchange
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23. Respiratory Membrane
• Air-blood barrier (0.5 µm thick)
• Alveolar and capillary walls
• Alveolar walls
• Single layer of squamous epithelium
• Capillary walls
• Single layer of endothelium
• Share a single basement membrane
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24. Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Smooth
muscle
Elastic
fibers
Alveolus
Capillaries
(a) Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships
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Figure 21.9a

25. Red blood
cell
Nucleus of type I
(squamous
epithelial) cell
Alveolar pores
Capillary
O2
Capillary
CO2
Alveolus
Alveolus
Type I cell
of alveolar wall
Macrophage
Endothelial cell nucleus
Alveolar
epithelium
Fused basement
membranes of the
Respiratory alveolar epithelium
membrane and the capillary
Red blood cell
endothelium
Alveoli (gas-filled in capillary
Type II (surfactantCapillary
air spaces)
secreting) cell
endothelium
(c) Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane
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Figure 21.9c

26. LUNGS
Major organs of the respiratory system
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27. Lungs
• Occupy majority of thoracic cavity
• Lung regions:
• Root: bronchial attachment site
• Costal surface
• Apex: superior tip
• Base: rests on diaphragm
• Hilum: on mediastinal surface
• Cardiac notch of left lung: accommodates the heart
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28. Posterior
Right lung
Root of lung
at hilum
Left lung
Thoracic wall
Pulmonary trunk
Sternum
Anterior mediastinum
Anterior
(c) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs,
pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.
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Figure 21.10c

29. Lungs
• Left lung
• smaller
• two lobes (superior / inferior)
• Cardiac notch
• Right lung
• three lobes (superior / medial / inferior)
• Brochopulmonary segments: 10 R / 8-9 L
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30. Trachea
Thymus
Lung
Intercostal
muscle
Rib
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
Visceral pleura
Apex of lung
Right superior lobe
Horizontal fissure
Heart
(in mediastinum)
Right middle lobe
Oblique fissure
Right inferior lobe
Diaphragm
Base of lung
Left
superior lobe
Oblique
fissure
Left inferior
lobe
Cardiac notch
(a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.
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Figure 21.10a

31. Lung Coverings: Pleurae
Thin, double-layered membrane
•Parietal pleura – outer border
•Visceral pleura – internal border
• external lung surface
•Pleural fluid fills pleural cavity
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