6. Homo sapiens sapiens: ImportantHomo sapiens sapiens: Important
archaeological sitesarchaeological sites
7. Stone Ages -Stone Ages - 5 MYA - 2500 BC5 MYA - 2500 BC
PALEOLITHIC: Old Stone Age, 2PALEOLITHIC: Old Stone Age, 2
million years agomillion years ago
MESOLITHIC: Middle Stone Age,MESOLITHIC: Middle Stone Age,
20-18,000 BCE to 12,150 BCE20-18,000 BCE to 12,150 BCE
NEOLITHIC :NEOLITHIC : 9000 BCE – 4500 BCE9000 BCE – 4500 BCE
8. PaleolithicPaleolithic
PeriodPeriod
Beginnings of humans to 10,000 BCEBeginnings of humans to 10,000 BCE
people werepeople were nomadsnomads
lived in groups of 20 -30lived in groups of 20 -30
hunter - gatherershunter - gatherers
9. Paleolithic PeriodPaleolithic Period
Division of LaborDivision of Labor
men hunting game animalsmen hunting game animals
women gathering fruits,women gathering fruits,
berries, and other ediblesberries, and other edibles
Developed simple tools: spears &Developed simple tools: spears &
axes made from bone, wood, &axes made from bone, wood, &
stonestone
10. Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age
2,000,000 years ago2,000,000 years ago
artifacts chipped stone andartifacts chipped stone and flintflint, use of wood, clay,, use of wood, clay,
and animal partsand animal parts
tool kit was extensive:tool kit was extensive: knivesknives,, axesaxes,, scrapersscrapers,,
hammershammers,, awlsawls,, needlesneedles, spears, harpoons, clubs,, spears, harpoons, clubs,
blowguns, and bows and arrows, fireblowguns, and bows and arrows, fire
hominidshominids -- HomoHomo habilishabilis
nomadicnomadic hunters and food gatherershunters and food gatherers
lasted until thelasted until the introduction of agricultureintroduction of agriculture
Spirituality and Religion may have begun toSpirituality and Religion may have begun to
developdevelop
11. Mesolithic Age – Middle Stone AgeMesolithic Age – Middle Stone Age
20-18,000 BC to 12,150 BC20-18,000 BC to 12,150 BC
small composite flint tools (microliths andsmall composite flint tools (microliths and
microburins), fishing tackle, stone adzesmicroburins), fishing tackle, stone adzes
and wooden objects such as canoes andand wooden objects such as canoes and
bowsbows
characterized by the introduction ofcharacterized by the introduction of
agricultureagriculture
12. NeolithicNeolithic
RevolutionRevolution
Shift from hunting & gathering toShift from hunting & gathering to
agricultureagriculture
Led toLed to permanent settlementspermanent settlements
Establishment ofEstablishment of social classessocial classes
EventualEventual rise of civilizationsrise of civilizations
13. Neolithic Revolution GreatNeolithic Revolution Great
DiscoveriesDiscoveries
10,000 BCE: humans cultivate10,000 BCE: humans cultivate
crops andcrops and domesticatedomesticate animalsanimals
Villages continued to divide workVillages continued to divide work
between men and womenbetween men and women
Women's status declined menWomen's status declined men
took lead in mosttook lead in most
areas of earlyareas of early
societiessocieties
14. NEOLITHIC : New Stone AgeNEOLITHIC : New Stone Age
9000 BC - 4500 BC9000 BC - 4500 BC
first permanent settlements appearfirst permanent settlements appear
domestication of plants (notably wheat),domestication of plants (notably wheat),
animals (goats and sheep)animals (goats and sheep)
produced decorated pottery and figurinesproduced decorated pottery and figurines
from clay may indicate they were a war-likefrom clay may indicate they were a war-like
peoplepeople
irrigation systems and more advanced burialirrigation systems and more advanced burial
sitesite
use of alien materials like lapis lazuli, indicateuse of alien materials like lapis lazuli, indicate
a cultural diversity and the development ofa cultural diversity and the development of
external tradingexternal trading
15. Neolithic Age-NewNeolithic Age-New
TechnologiesTechnologies
CalendarCalendar to keep track ofto keep track of
planting and harvestingplanting and harvesting
SimpleSimple metalmetal toolstools suchsuch
asas plowsplows
Used animals to pull plowsUsed animals to pull plows
Metal weaponsMetal weapons developed asdeveloped as
villages needed to protect theirvillages needed to protect their
valuable resources.valuable resources.
16. Catal Huyuk - ÇatalhöyükCatal Huyuk - Çatalhöyük
Remains of a Neolithic townRemains of a Neolithic town
9,000 years ago, one of the world's largest9,000 years ago, one of the world's largest
settlements.settlements.
18. Characteristics of CivilizationsCharacteristics of Civilizations
CitiesCities
Centralized government, law codes,Centralized government, law codes,
organized religionorganized religion
System of writingSystem of writing
Specialized jobs – Division of LaborSpecialized jobs – Division of Labor
Social Class StructureSocial Class Structure
Advanced TechnologyAdvanced Technology
20. How did they become civilizations?How did they become civilizations?
Neolithic Revolution – domestication ofNeolithic Revolution – domestication of
plants & animalsplants & animals
Organized Farming & village lifeOrganized Farming & village life
Food Surplus was created led toFood Surplus was created led to
specialization of laborspecialization of labor
Growth in populationGrowth in population
Creation of complex socieites requiringCreation of complex socieites requiring
complex institutions which governed largecomplex institutions which governed large
scale projects like irrigationscale projects like irrigation
21. Population Growth & DevelopmentPopulation Growth & Development
of Civilizationsof Civilizations
Iron Age = new farms tools = food surplusIron Age = new farms tools = food surplus
Farming and Pastoral Nomads replaced hunter-Farming and Pastoral Nomads replaced hunter-
gatherersgatherers
Domesticated animals = beasts of burden = foodDomesticated animals = beasts of burden = food
surplussurplus
Increased, healthier population living closerIncreased, healthier population living closer
together in new urban areastogether in new urban areas
Increased immunities based on close proximityIncreased immunities based on close proximity
& better health& better health
22. Population Growth & DevelopmentPopulation Growth & Development
of Civilizationsof Civilizations
Cultural connections increased throughCultural connections increased through
new trade routesnew trade routes
Developments of empiresDevelopments of empires
Development of Writing systems to recordDevelopment of Writing systems to record
taxes to pay for expanded governmentstaxes to pay for expanded governments
Development of great road buildingDevelopment of great road building
projects to encourage trade, uniformprojects to encourage trade, uniform
coinage, uniform weights & measurementscoinage, uniform weights & measurements
(Lydian's & Persians)(Lydian's & Persians)
23. Early River Civilizations:Early River Civilizations: EGYPTEGYPT
3000BCE3000BCE
Egyptian Science and TechnologyEgyptian Science and Technology
1.1. IrrigationIrrigation – water from– water from NileNile
RiverRiver (god) to grow wheat & other(god) to grow wheat & other
foodsfoods
2.2. Preserving the human bodyPreserving the human body
after death throughafter death through mummificationmummification
3. Physicians3. Physicians diagnose illnessdiagnose illness &&
performperform brain & body surgerybrain & body surgery
24. Egyptian Science andEgyptian Science and
TechnologyTechnology
AccurateAccurate calendarcalendar
Hieroglyphics:Hieroglyphics: system of writing calledsystem of writing called
AdvancedAdvanced mathematicalmathematical geometry &geometry &
engineeringengineering skills in the creation of theskills in the creation of the
pyramidspyramids
irrigationirrigation
systemssystems
25. EGYPTEGYPT
Monarchy – Kingdom/EmpireMonarchy – Kingdom/Empire
Pharaoh God/KingPharaoh God/King
Dynasty – ruling familyDynasty – ruling family
PolytheisticPolytheistic
Advances in medicine, math, calendars,Advances in medicine, math, calendars,
irrigation, cosmetics, mummification,irrigation, cosmetics, mummification,
building & architecture, pyramids, jewelry,building & architecture, pyramids, jewelry,
metal workmetal work
Social Class Structure: Pharaoh,Social Class Structure: Pharaoh,
Priest/Nobles, merchants/artisans (MiddlePriest/Nobles, merchants/artisans (Middle
Class), peasants, slavesClass), peasants, slaves
29. Other Civilizations Fertile CrescentOther Civilizations Fertile Crescent
BabyloniansBabylonians:: astronomy,astronomy, Code ofCode of
Hammurabi,Hammurabi, was the first writtenwas the first written
laws in historylaws in history
HittitesHittites: first to: first to minemine ironiron oreore toto
produceproduce iron weapons & toolsiron weapons & tools (Iron(Iron
Age)Age)
Assyrians:Assyrians: new military equipment -new military equipment -
moveable towers and battering rams, 1moveable towers and battering rams, 1stst
library of cuneiform tablets, chariotlibrary of cuneiform tablets, chariot
30. Other Civilizations Fertile CrescentOther Civilizations Fertile Crescent
Code on
columns in
each city-state
Assyrian
weapons &
chariot
31. Other Civilizations Fertile CrescentOther Civilizations Fertile Crescent
Persians: controlled empire Asia Minor toPersians: controlled empire Asia Minor to
India (to Indus River)India (to Indus River)
Persians: divided empire into provinces,Persians: divided empire into provinces,
governor called agovernor called a satrapsatrap
Taxes on resources and wealthTaxes on resources and wealth
Single code of laws for the empireSingle code of laws for the empire
Royal Roads to unify empire, common setRoyal Roads to unify empire, common set
of weights & measures, single coinageof weights & measures, single coinage
Zoroastrian Religion – good & evil &Zoroastrian Religion – good & evil &
polytheistic faithspolytheistic faiths
33. Other Civilizations Fertile CrescentOther Civilizations Fertile Crescent
Phoenicians: Manufacturing and trade,Phoenicians: Manufacturing and trade,
colonization around Mediterranean Sea, glass,colonization around Mediterranean Sea, glass,
sea snail-purple dye (royal purple), phoneticsea snail-purple dye (royal purple), phonetic
alphabet-22 lettersalphabet-22 letters
(adapted by(adapted by
GreeksGreeks
and Romans)and Romans)
34. Hebrews/JewsHebrews/Jews
Hebrews:Hebrews: JudaismJudaism - oldest known- oldest known
monotheistic religionmonotheistic religion
FounderFounder--AbrahamAbraham
Moses-Prophet: Ten CommandmentsMoses-Prophet: Ten Commandments
2000 BCE – Laws2000 BCE – Laws
Significant WritingsSignificant Writings --TorahTorah andand
TalmudTalmud Book of laws & beliefs, as well asBook of laws & beliefs, as well as
Old Testament of the BibleOld Testament of the Bible
Places of WorshipPlaces of Worship -Jews worship in-Jews worship in
temples called synagoguestemples called synagogues
One GodOne God who is the creator of all thingswho is the creator of all things
35. IndiaIndia
2500BCE: First cultivation of rice, cotton2500BCE: First cultivation of rice, cotton
and teaand tea
built ships, navigated seas, internationalbuilt ships, navigated seas, international
commerce (Indian Ocean & overland)commerce (Indian Ocean & overland)
well-planned towns, rectangular patternswell-planned towns, rectangular patterns
Art -copper, bronze, and pottery, includingArt -copper, bronze, and pottery, including
a large collection of terra-cotta toysa large collection of terra-cotta toys
two-storied and spacious, lined the towntwo-storied and spacious, lined the town
streets; they had drainage systems thatstreets; they had drainage systems that
led into brick-lined sewersled into brick-lined sewers
36. Ancient IndiaAncient India
Social Class
Structure: Caste
System: Brahmana
(priests), Kshatriya
(warriors), Vaishya
(traders and
agriculturists), and
Shudra (workers).
Person's occupation or
group depended upon
Sanskrit:
writing system
37. Ancient India - ReligionAncient India - Religion
HINDUISM:HINDUISM: polytheistic religion 3000polytheistic religion 3000
BCEBCE
Significant WritingsSignificant Writings --VedasVedas,,
UpanishadsUpanishads,, RamayanaRamayana,,
MahabharataMahabharata,, Bhagavad GitaBhagavad Gita
Oral 1Oral 1stst
, Written in Sanskrit – history &, Written in Sanskrit – history &
hymns, teachings of Hinduismhymns, teachings of Hinduism
spiritual oneness of the soul,spiritual oneness of the soul, atmanatman
soul obtainssoul obtains mokshamoksha or liberationor liberation
38. HinduismHinduism
Reincarnation: karmaReincarnation: karma you get whatyou get what
you give new lifeyou give new life
Dharma:Dharma: Duties of allDuties of all
Hindu’s in their casteHindu’s in their caste
Supports rigidSupports rigid
social structuresocial structure
Caste SystemCaste System
Cow SacredCow Sacred
39. BuddhismBuddhism
FounderFounder--Siddhartha GautamaSiddhartha Gautama
Buddha, which means "enlightened one."Buddha, which means "enlightened one."
– he did not believe he was a god– he did not believe he was a god
Dalai LamaDalai Lama:spiritual leader of Buddhism:spiritual leader of Buddhism
Four Noble TruthsFour Noble Truths – beliefs – end– beliefs – end
suffereing, end desiresuffereing, end desire
Eightfold PathEightfold Path : represents one of the: represents one of the
teachings of theteachings of the Eightfold PathEightfold Path – right– right
thinking, speaking etc.thinking, speaking etc.
40. BuddhismBuddhism
Reincarnation: karmaReincarnation: karma you get whatyou get what
you give, new life, continuous cycle of lifeyou give, new life, continuous cycle of life
& death& death
RejectedRejected CasteCaste
SystemSystem
Salvation possible inSalvation possible in
this Lifetimethis Lifetime
NirvanaNirvana spiritualspiritual
enlightenmentenlightenment
41. EarlyEarly ChinaChina
ShangShang DynastyDynasty: 2000BCE system of: 2000BCE system of
writingwriting pictographspictographs - drawings of- drawings of
objectsobjects ideographsideographs – thought or idea– thought or idea
Oracle BoneOracle Bone early writing:early writing:
ZhouZhou Dynasty:Dynasty:
Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven
rise & fall of dynastiesrise & fall of dynasties
QinQin Dynasty: Shi huangdi -Dynasty: Shi huangdi -
new technologies warfare, cavalry,new technologies warfare, cavalry,
Legalism – you will obey orders!Legalism – you will obey orders!
Burned Confucian booksBurned Confucian books
42. Ancient ChinaAncient China
Qin China: standardized theQin China: standardized the
language and writing of Chinalanguage and writing of China
currency became standardizedcurrency became standardized
circular copper coincircular copper coin
Great Wall builtGreat Wall built
in north toin north to
protect Chinaprotect China
Roads andRoads and
irrigation canalsirrigation canals
builtbuilt –Burned books–Burned books
43. Classical ChinaClassical China
Han China:Han China: Emperor Wudi: governmentEmperor Wudi: government
& economy, Golden Age of China& economy, Golden Age of China
Han scientists wrote textbooks fromHan scientists wrote textbooks from
zoologyzoology toto botanybotany andand chemistrychemistry
AstronomersAstronomers accurate clocks &accurate clocks &
calendars,calendars, PaperPaper,, wheelbarrow,wheelbarrow,
AcupunctureAcupuncture alleviate pain & herbalalleviate pain & herbal
remediesremedies
Silk Road:Silk Road: trade with the Romantrade with the Roman
EmpireEmpire
and later empires east & westand later empires east & west
44. Classical ChinaClassical China
Artists andArtists and architectsarchitects carvings incarvings in
jade, wood, or ivory, & the elaboratejade, wood, or ivory, & the elaborate
templestemples
Silk, Ceramics, lacquer andSilk, Ceramics, lacquer and
bamboo waresbamboo wares
Chinese Compass
Silk Road – 1st
journey
45. Chinese PhilosophiesChinese Philosophies
Ancestor worshipAncestor worship
Confucianism: social order andConfucianism: social order and
mutual respectmutual respect - 500 BCE- 500 BCE
FounderFounder-Kong Fu Zi - Confucius-Kong Fu Zi - Confucius
Significant WritingsSignificant Writings --
The Analects - sayingsThe Analects - sayings
46. Chinese Philosophies -Chinese Philosophies -
ConfucianismConfucianism Five RelationshipsFive Relationships ::
– Ruler to ruled.Ruler to ruled.
– Father to son.Father to son.
– Older brother to younger brother.Older brother to younger brother.
– Husband to wife.Husband to wife.
– Friend to friendFriend to friend
JenJen-Human kindness should be shown-Human kindness should be shown
towards one another.towards one another.
LiLi-Proper etiquette should always be used,-Proper etiquette should always be used,
and one should strive to achieve perfectand one should strive to achieve perfect
virtue.virtue.
Filial PietyFilial Piety -One should respect their elders-One should respect their elders
47. Legacies of River ValleysLegacies of River Valleys
Expanded populations & urbanizationExpanded populations & urbanization
New networks – roads & trade routesNew networks – roads & trade routes
lined, sea routeslined, sea routes
Established systems of government, laws,Established systems of government, laws,
& religion& religion
Established patterns of culture & culturalEstablished patterns of culture & cultural
diffusiondiffusion
