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Guide to Fundamentals of Polymer Processing

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The document discusses different types of polymers including thermoplastics, thermosets, and elastomers. It provides details on their molecular structures, properties, production methods, and common applications. Thermoplastics are solid but soften when heated, thermosets permanently harden when heated, and elastomers can stretch greatly and recover their original shape. Additives are used to modify polymer properties for different applications. The largest markets are thermoplastics like polyethylene and polypropylene for products and packaging.

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POLYMERS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Polymer ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Types of Polymers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thermoplastic Polymers - Thermoplastics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thermosetting Polymers - Thermosets ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Elastomers (Rubbers) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Market Shares ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Examples of Polymers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Reasons Why Polymers are Important ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
General Properties of Polymers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Limitations of Polymers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Synthesis of Polymers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Polyethylene ,[object Object]
Polymerization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Addition Polymerization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Addition Polymerization ,[object Object]
Step Polymerization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Step Polymerization ,[object Object]
Some Examples ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Degree of Polymerization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Molecular Weight ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Typical Values of DP and MW MW 300,000 100,000 15,000 40,000 DP( n ) 10,000 1,500 120 200 Polymer Polyethylene Polyvinylchloride Nylon Polycarbonate
Polymer Molecular Structures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Polymer Molecular Structures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Effect of Branching on Properties ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Effect of Cross-Linking on Properties ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Crystallinity in Polymers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Crystalline Polymer Structure ,[object Object]
Crystallinity and Properties ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Low Density & High Density Polyethylene 135  C (275  F) 115  C (239  F) Melting temperature 700 MPa (100,000 lb/in 2 ) 140 MPa (20,000 lb/in 2 ) Modulus of elasticity 0.96 0.92 Specific gravity 92% 55% Degree of crystallinity High density Low density Polyethylene type
Some Observations About Crystallization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Factors for Crystallization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thermal Behavior of Polymers ,[object Object]
Additives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Types of Additives by Function ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thermoplastic Polymers (TP) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Strength vs. Temperature ,[object Object]
Physical Properties of Thermoplastics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Commercial Thermoplastic Products and Raw Materials ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thermosetting Polymers (TS) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
General Properties of Thermosets ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cross-Linking in TS Polymers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Temperature‑Activated Systems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Catalyst‑Activated Systems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Mixing‑Activated Systems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
TS vs. TP Polymers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Elastomers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Characteristics of Elastomers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Elastomer Molecules ,[object Object]
Elastic Behavior of Elastomer Molecule ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Stiffness of Rubber ,[object Object]
Vulcanization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Natural Rubber (NR) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Vulcanized Natural Rubber ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Natural Rubber Products ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Synthetic Rubbers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Guide to the Processing of Polymers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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Guide to Fundamentals of Polymer Processing

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  • 22. Typical Values of DP and MW MW 300,000 100,000 15,000 40,000 DP( n ) 10,000 1,500 120 200 Polymer Polyethylene Polyvinylchloride Nylon Polycarbonate
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  • 30. Low Density & High Density Polyethylene 135  C (275  F) 115  C (239  F) Melting temperature 700 MPa (100,000 lb/in 2 ) 140 MPa (20,000 lb/in 2 ) Modulus of elasticity 0.96 0.92 Specific gravity 92% 55% Degree of crystallinity High density Low density Polyethylene type
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