For every dollar earned in 2008 in the consumer and technical (C&T) industry, 51 cents was spent on marketing, 30 cents on production costs, 7 cents on research and development and administration, and 12 cents was kept as profit. Marketing expenses accounted for the largest share of costs at 50.6% of sales. While margins have been pressured by rising production costs and marketing expenses over 2007-2009, the operating margin increased slightly to 12.1% in 2008.